| 1. |
- Magnusson, Mia-Maria
(författare)
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Open drug scenes and the merging of policing practice and research : a pracademic approach
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Policing research has had an upswing as the evidence-based policing movement has grown stronger and entered police practises worldwide. Within the evidence-based policing (EBP) approach, practically and academically skilled individuals, pracademics, have attracted attention as facilitating the merging of policing practice and research.Using principles from EBP, and with a special focus on translating between policing practice, policy and research, this thesis aims to explore the characteristics of illicit drug markets with a place-based focus and to link this to the enhancement of EBP in Sweden. The theoretical base of the thesis is drawn from disorganization theory, routine activity theory and situational action theory, and these theories are combined with empirical studies from the research field of drug markets.Drug markets are defined as open drug scenes (ODSs) in this pracademic thesis, which includes two empirical studies of patterns that characterize ODSs, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a law enforcement tactic at an ODS, and one case study of the impact of the pracademic research approach. The findings show that there are almost 50 ODSs in Stockholm County, which are characterized by patterns of crime concentration, a gun violence overlap, and associations with perceptions of unsafety. Three types of ODSs were identified, providing a basis for the tailoring of future interventions based on area characteristics, ODS stability, levels of violence, and gang activity. Micro places associated with ODSs and gun violence were found to be characterized by harsh social conditions and high levels of crime. A predictive index was created to forecast micro places at which gun violence may occur, and the prediction was enhanced when ODSs were included as predictive locations. The RCT, which was completed at a well-known ODS in the inner city of Stockholm, showed a slight but non-significant effect of the police conducting motivational talks with offenders, which gave rise to questions regarding the method’s effectiveness. The case study of the RCT process found frustration in police departments to be a possible door-opener for research. Ease of implementation was associated with the research having credibility among police officers, which was achieved by including the needs of practice in research questions and through the role played by the pracademic researcher.This thesis argues for making use of pracademics to bridge the research-practice gap, a focus on ODSs, and the testing and tracking of methods such as hot spots policing, with an emphasis on properly implemented evidence-based methods and on the goals of enforcement strategies as a means of improving the effectiveness of drug-market policing.
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| 2. |
- Andersen, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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NOU 2020:16 : Levekår i byer. Gode lokalsamfunn for alle.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Urban Studies. - Oslo : Universitetsforlaget. - 2703-8866. ; 1:1, s. 78-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban issues such as poverty or marginality and disadvantage, unrest, crime, housing, segregation and social cohesion are on the political and academic agenda in Europe and in the US (Andersen, 2002; Atkinson, 2019; Galster, 1990; Gerell & Kronkvist, 2017; Mayer, Thörn, & Thörn, 2016; Uslaner, 2012; Wacquant, 2008). As indicated, policymakers devise strategies to address such problems (Andersson, Wimark, & Malmberg, 2020; Damm, Nielsen, Mattana, & Rouland, 2020; Davis, 2019; George & Patrick, 2017; van Gent et al., 2018; van Gent & Musterd, 2013). This also holds true for Norway (e.g. Andersen & Brattbakk, 2020).In Norway, the Government or a specific ministry may appoint a committee to report on an issue of relevance. The results are published as an Official Norwegian Report – Norges offentlige utredninger (NOU) in Norwegian. While it can be argued that urban issues are not a political priority in Norway, the current conservative Government – led by prime minister Erna Solberg – did appoint a committee to examine living conditions in Norwegian cities. The Norwegian Commission for City and Living Conditions presented its NOU on 16 December 2020 (NOU 2020:16). The report is important as it summarizes the latest knowledge on the topic and provides recommendations for future Norwegian urban policies. Hence, it is worth a thorough and critical review.
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| 3. |
- Camacho Doyle, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing Crime History as a Predictor : Exploring Hotspots of Violent and Property Crime in Malmö, Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Criminal Justice Review. - : Sage Publications. - 1057-5677 .- 1556-3855.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Assessing the predictive accuracy of using prior crime, place attributes, ambient population, community structural, and social characteristics, in isolation and combined when forecasting different violent and property crimes.Method: Using multilevel negative binomial regression, crime is forecasted into the subsequent year, in 50-m grid-cells. Incidence rate ratio (IRR), Prediction Accuracy Index (PAI), and Prediction Efficacy Index (PEI*) are interpreted for all combined crime generators and community characteristics. This study is partially a test of a crude version of the Risk Terrain Modeling technique.Results: Where crime has been in the past, the risk for future crime is higher. Where characteristics conducive to crime congregate, the risk for crime is higher. Community structural characteristics and ambient population are important for some crime types. Combining variables increases the accuracy for most crime types, looking at the IRR. Taking the geographical area into account, crime history in combination with both place- and neighborhood characteristics reaches similar accuracy as crime history alone for most crime types and most hotspot cutoffs.Conclusions: Crime history, place-, and neighborhood-level attributes are all important when trying to accurately forecast crime, long-term at the micro-place. Only counting past crimes, however, still does a really good job.
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| 4. |
- Camacho Doyle, Maria, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceived unsafety and fear of crime : The role of violent and property crime, neighborhood characteristics, and prior perceived unsafety and fear of crime
- 2022
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Ingår i: Deviant behavior. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0163-9625 .- 1521-0456. ; 43:11, s. 1347-1365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Perceived unsafety, fear of crime, and avoidance were studied in relation to different types of crime, crime in different time perspectives, concentrated disadvantage, collective efficacy, urbanity, age structure, and neighborhood disorder. Four data sources were used on a large Swedish city; a community survey from 2012 and 2015 among residents, census data on socio-demographics, police data on reported violent (assault and robbery in the public environment), and property crimes (arson, property damage, theft, vehicle theft, and residential burglary) and geographical information on local bus stops and annual passengers visiting these bus stops. Collective efficacy primarily, but also concentrated disadvantage, was strongly related to perceived unsafety, across 102 neighborhoods. Collective efficacy was strongly related to fear of crime. It was not viable to relate the neighborhood variables with avoidance, however. Fear of specific violent crimes was different from fear of specific property crimes and should for future reference be examined separately. Crime, visible disorder, urbanity, and age structure do not seem as important.
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| 5. |
- Chrysoulakis, Alberto P., et al.
(författare)
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Kartläggning av öppna drogscener : Kortrapport från nollmätningen
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna kortrapport innehåller beskrivande analyser av nollmätningen som har genomförts inom ramen för projektet ”Öppna drogscener”, vilket är en del av samverkansöverenskommelsen ”Skåne tillsammans mot narkotika” . Representanter från kommun och polis i sex skånska kommuner har tillsammans identifierat en geografiskt avgränsad plats som de bedömer som en öppen drogscen. Det vill säga en plats där narkotika säljs och brukas offentligt och som myndigheter och allmänheten uppfattar som problematisk . Tillsammans ska kommun och polis kartlägga och analysera problembilden, implementera en passande insats vilket sedan ska följas upp. Följande kortrapport är en del av denna process. Analyserna i rapporten baseras på anmälda brott mellan åren 2018-2021 och på intervjuer med nyckelinformanter som genomfördes under perioden november-december 2022. Nollmätningen ligger till grund för en jämförelse som kommer att genomföras efter att insatserna har implementerat för att undersöka om det har skett någon förändring. Utöver att jämföra platserna med sig själva över tid kommer också jämförelser mot andra platser i kommuner som inte varit en del av projektet att genomföras. Detta för att undersöka om kontrollplatserna har haft en liknande förändring som insatsplatserna.
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| 6. |
- Gerell, Manne, Docent, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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COVID-19 restrictions, pub closures, and crime in Oslo, Norway
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Criminology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2578-983X .- 2578-9821. ; 23:2, s. 136-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol consumption and crime are closely linked and there is often more crime near pubs and bars. Few studies have considered the impact of restricting access to pubs or bars on crime, and the present study aims to provide more insight into this by using the restrictions to combat the COVID-19 pandemic as a natural experiment. In Oslo, Norway, alcohol serving was banned twice during 2020, and at other times during the year, restrictions were placed on how late it could be served. In the present paper, these restrictions are analysed, alongside more general COVID-19 restrictions, to assess their association with crime. To identify these, we employ negative binomial regression models of daily crime counts for nine types of crime adjusted for the day of the week, the week of the year, and the year itself. This is in addition to the presence, or absence, of alcohol-related restrictions and more general COVID-19 restrictions. The findings suggest that both, general restrictions and bans on serving alcohol, reduced crime, although not universally across all crime types and times of the day. When pubs are ordered not to sell alcohol after midnight there appears to be an unexpected increase in crime.
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| 7. |
- Gerell, Manne, Docent, 1979-
(författare)
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The benefits and challenges of embedding criminologists in crime analysis units : An example from Sweden
- 2021. - 1
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Ingår i: The Globalization of Evidence-Based Policing. - London : Routledge. - 9780367461966 - 9780367461959 - 9781003027508
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- After several years of collaboration with the police as a university researcher the author accepted a part time employment at the intelligence unit of the National Police of Sweden in 2019. His work was linked with a group of analysts dedicated to understanding what can be described as “gang-neighborhoods.” Working from within the organization led to substantial advantages in terms of accesibility to data and to police decision-making, but also led to increased levels of administration and bureacracy. In the present chapter the challenges and benefits of being embedded with the police will be discussed. A concrete intervention will be used as an example of an evidence-based policing practice that was facilitated by being embedded with the police—the pilot test of police helicopters to perform hot spot policing against burning cars in deprived neighborhoods.
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| 8. |
- Gerell, Manne, Docent, 1979-
(författare)
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Var och när skjuts det?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 50:4, s. 66-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Skjutvapenvåldet har ökat kraftigt sedan 1990-talet, och särskilt under 2010-talet, men fram till de senaste åren har det funnits väldigt lite kunskap om hurökningen sett ut samt var och när det skjuts. I denna artikel redovisas fyndenfrån fyra deskriptiva studier om skjutvapenvåldet i Sverige, med ett särskiltfokus på möjligheten att identifiera platser och tider med förhöjd risk för skjutningar vilket kan användas i det förebyggande och brottsbekämpande arbetet.Utifrån en princip om att brott följs av nya brott inom korta avstånd i tid ochrum kan prediktion av så ovanliga händelser som skjutningar bli möjligt.
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| 9. |
- Guldåker, Nicklas, et al.
(författare)
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Crime Prevention Based on the Strategic Mapping of Living Conditions
- 2021
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Ingår i: ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. - : MDPI AG. - 2220-9964. ; 10 (11):719, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a theoretically and methodologically grounded GIS-based model for the measurement and mapping of an index of living conditions in urban residential areas across Sweden. Further, the model is compared and evaluated using the Swedish Police’s assessment of crime-exposed areas. The results indicate that the geographically measured vulnerable living conditions overlap to a large extent with the areas assessed to be crime-exposed by the Swedish Police. Over 61% of the police-defined crime-exposed areas are characterized by vulnerable living conditions. The results also show that this overlap is not perfect and that there are vulnerable areas that are not included in the police’s assessment of crime-exposed areas, but which are nonetheless characterized by vulnerable living conditions that could negatively affect the development of crime. It is also proposed that the model and the mapped index of living conditions can provide a more well-grounded scientific basis for the police’s assessment work. As a first step, the Swedish police have implemented the model and the mapped index in the work process employed in their annual identification of crime-exposed or at-risk areas. In addition to assisting the police, the model and the mapped index could also be used to support other societal actors working with vulnerable areas.
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| 10. |
- Jakobsson, Niklas, Professor, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating the impact of an informational postcard campaign on telephone scams targeting the elderly
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Criminology. - : Universitetsforlaget. - 2578-983X .- 2578-9821. ; 25:1-2024, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To combat the increasing incidence of telephone scams targeting the elderly, the Swedish Police initiated an informational campaign in 2023. This campaign involved distributing educational postcards to households with at least one resident aged 70 or older. We assess the effectiveness of the postcard intervention by comparing the change in the outcome variable (number of plaintiffs) among individuals aged 70 and above to those below 70. Despite the campaign’s aim to increase awareness and offer practical advice for avoiding scams, our analysis reveals no impact on the number of plaintiffs exposed to fraud. Our study did not identify any significant effects, adding to the existing body of literature on the effectiveness of information in influencing crime-related behaviors, where findings have been inconclusive.
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