| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Aguilar, J., et al.
(författare)
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Decoherence in neutrino oscillation at the ESSnuSB experiment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of High Energy Physics (JHEP). - : Springer Nature. - 1126-6708 .- 1029-8479. ; 2024:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutrino oscillation experiments provide a unique window in exploring several new physics scenarios beyond the standard three flavour. One such scenario is quantum decoherence in neutrino oscillation which tends to destroy the interference pattern of neutrinos reaching the far detector from the source. In this work, we study the decoherence in neutrino oscillation in the context of the ESSnuSB experiment. We consider the energy-independent decoherence parameter and derive the analytical expressions for Pμe and Pμμ probabilities in vacuum. We have computed the capability of ESSnuSB to put bounds on the decoherence parameters namely, Γ21 and Γ32 and found that the constraints on Γ21 are competitive compared to the DUNE bounds and better than the most stringent LBL ones from MINOS/MINOS+. We have also investigated the impact of decoherence on the ESSnuSB measurement of the Dirac CP phase δCP and concluded that it remains robust in the presence of new physics.
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| 4. |
- Farley, K.A., et al.
(författare)
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In situ radiometric and exposure age dating of the martian surface
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 343:6169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined radiogenic and cosmogenic noble gases in a mudstone on the floor of Gale Crater. A K-Ar age of 4.21 ± 0.35 billion years represents a mixture of detrital and authigenic components and confirms the expected antiquity of rocks comprising the crater rim. Cosmic-ray-produced 3He, 21Ne, and 36Ar yield concordant surface exposure ages of 78 ± 30 million years. Surface exposure occurred mainly in the present geomorphic setting rather than during primary erosion and transport. Our observations are consistent with mudstone deposition shortly after the Gale impact or possibly in a later event of rapid erosion and deposition. The mudstone remained buried until recent exposure by wind-driven scarp retreat. Sedimentary rocks exposed by this mechanism may thus offer the best potential for organic biomarker preservation against destruction by cosmic radiation.
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| 5. |
- Hilding, T., et al.
(författare)
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Degradation behaviour of a high CSR coke in an Experimental Blast Furnace: Effect of carbon structure and alkali reactions
- 2005
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Ingår i: ISIJ International. - : Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. - 0915-1559 .- 1347-5460. ; 45:7, s. 1041-1050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A high CSR coke was tested in the LKAB's Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) at Luleå. The evolution of physical and chemical properties of the centre-line coke samples were analysed by Light Optical Microscopy (LOM), BET N2 absorption and SEM/XRF/XRD. Alkali distribution in the EBF cokes was examined by XRF/SEM and EDS. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to measure isothermal and non-isothermal CO2 reactivity of the cokes. The crystalline order of carbon and the concentration of alkalis were found to increase as the coke descended through thermal reserve zone to the cohesive zone of the EBF. The crystallite height (Lc) of EBF coke carbon displayed a linear correlation with the measured EBF temperatures demonstrating the strong effect of temperature on carbon structure of coke in the EBF. Alkali concentration of the coke was increased as it descended into the EBF, and was uniformly distributed throughout the coke matrix. The CO2 reactivity of lower zone cokes was found to increase when compared to the reactivity of the upper zones cokes, and was related to the catalytic effect of increased alkalis concentration. The deterioration of coke quality particularly coke strength and abrasion propensity were related to coke graphitisation, alkalization and reactivity, Coke graphitisation is shown to have a strong influence on the coke degradation behaviour in the EBF. © 2005 ISIJ.
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| 6. |
- Hilding, Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of temperature on coke properties and CO2 reactivity under laboratory conditions and in an experimental blast furnace
- 2005
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Ingår i: AISTech - Iron and Steel Technology Conference Proceedings. - Warrendale, Pa : Iron and Steel Society. ; , s. 497-505, s. 497-505
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical and chemical properties of coke samples excavated from LKAB's Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) at MEFOS in Luleå, Sweden were characterized. A thermal annealing study the raw coke used in the EBF was also conducted in a horizontal furnace in a neutral environment at a range of temperatures up to 1650°C. Carbon crystallite height of the EBF coke and of the cokes treated in the laboratory furnace were measured by XRD while mineral phases were characterized by using SEM/EDS. The CO2 reactivity of the EBF cokes was measured by thermo-gravimetric analyser (TGA). The study demonstrated the strong effect of temperature on the modification of coke properties with special focus on carbon structure both under laboratory and experimental blast furnace conditions. The coke reactivity in the EBF was accelerated due to presence of recirculating alkalis in the coke, which increased as the coke descended in the EBF. The growth of carbon crystallite height of coke in the horizontal furnace was found to be of similar order as observed in the EBF under a similar range of temperatures. Comparison of carbon structure of laboratory treated cokes and the EBF excavated cokes indicated that carbon ordering of cokes is predominantly enhanced by the temperature rather than reacting gases or recirculating alkalis. The deterioration of coke quality such as coke strength (CSR) and abrasion propensity were related to coke graphitisation, alkalization and reactivity such that coke graphitisation was shown to have a strong impact on coke degradation behaviour. The study further implied that alkalis have a potential to influence the coke reactivity without affecting their graphitisation behaviour. The study also highlights the limitations of the CSR test for assessing the coke behaviour in an operating blast furnaces as it cannot simulate impact of graphitisation of cokes which is significant only at much higher temperatures.
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| 7. |
- Hilding, T., et al.
(författare)
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Study of gasification reaction of cokes excavated from pilot blast furnace
- 2004
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Ingår i: SCANMET II. - Luleå : MEFOS. - 9163149109 ; , s. 467-478
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fundamental understanding of coke reactions with gas, metal and slag phases is essential for ensuring smooth operation and optimisation of coke performance in existing and advanced blast furnace process, and is dictated by coke properties and blast furnace process conditions. In this study, coke samples excavated from LKAB's Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) at MEFOS in Luleå, Sweden were collected. The centreline quenched coke samples from different zones of this EBF were used to observe the influence of in-furnace reactions on the evolution of coke properties and their associations with CO2 reactivity. Carbon structure of coke was found to increasingly ordered, silicon and iron concentration in the coke samples decreased, while alkali concentration particularly potassium and sodium were found to increase as the coke descended towards lower part of the EBF. Both isothermal and non-isothermal reactivity based on TGA measurements showed that coke reactivity towards CO2 is increased as coke descends towards cohesive zone despite increasing order of carbon structures. Increased reactivity of cokes at lower parts of EBF was related to alkali enrichments of cokes. The study further shows that increased alkali components in cokes have a strong impact on CO2 gasification in EBF such that influence of coke graphitisation could be compensated by catalytic influence of alkalis. To further assist with development of understanding of reactivity of coke, gasification studies were also conducted in a fixed bed reactor at 900ºC using a series of cokes made from Australian coals (varying in rank, maceral and mineral matter). The CO2 reactivity of cokes in a fixed bed reactor was also found to be strongly influenced by the coke minerals compared to carbon structure. Further studies are required to provide a critical insight into the influence of key parameters such as coke graphitisation and mineral reactions on coke gasification particularly at higher temperatures.
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| 8. |
- Joshi, Bhupendra, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative survey between cascade correlation neural network (CCNN) and feedforward neural network (FFNN) machine learning models for forecasting suspended sediment concentration
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Suspended sediment concentration prediction is critical for the design of reservoirs, dams, rivers ecosystems, various operations of aquatic resource structure, environmental safety, and water management. In this study, two different machine models, namely the cascade correlation neural network (CCNN) and feedforward neural network (FFNN) were applied to predict daily-suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at Simga and Jondhara stations in Sheonath basin, India. Daily-suspended sediment concentration and discharge data from 2010 to 2015 were collected and used to develop the model to predict suspended sediment concentration. The developed models were evaluated using statistical indices like Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NES), root mean square error (RMSE), Willmott’s index of agreement (WI), and Legates–McCabe’s index (LM), supplemented by a scatter plot, density plots, histograms and Taylor diagram for graphical representation. The developed model was evaluated and compared with CCNN and FFNN. Nine input combinations were explored using different lag-times for discharge (Qt-n) and suspended sediment concentration (St-n) as input variables, with the current suspended sediment concentration as the desired output, to develop CCNN and FFNN models. The CCNN4 model with 4 lagged inputs (St-1, St-2, St-3, St-4) outperformed the other developed models with the lowest RMSE = 95.02 mg/l and the highest NES = 0.0.662, WI = 0.890 and LM = 0.668 for the Jondhara Station while the same CCNN4 model secure as the best with the lowest RMSE = 53.71 mg/l and the highest NES = 0.785, WI = 0.936 and LM = 0.788 for the Simga Station. The result shows the CCNN model was better than the FFNN model for predicting daily-suspended sediment at both stations in the Sheonath basin, India. Overall, CCNN showed better forecasting potential for suspended sediment concentration compared to FFNN at both stations, demonstrating their applicability for hydrological forecasting with complex relationships.
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| 9. |
- Ming, D.W., et al.
(författare)
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Volatile and organic compositions of sedimentary rocks in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 343:6169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- H2O, CO2, SO2, O2, H2, H2S, HCl, chlorinated hydrocarbons, NO, and other trace gases were evolved during pyrolysis of two mudstone samples acquired by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay within Gale crater, Mars. H2O/OH-bearing phases included 2:1 phyllosilicate(s), bassanite, akaganeite, and amorphous materials. Thermal decomposition of carbonates and combustion of organic materials are candidate sources for the CO2. Concurrent evolution of O2 and chlorinated hydrocarbons suggests the presence of oxychlorine phase(s). Sulfides are likely sources for sulfur-bearing species. Higher abundances of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the mudstone compared with Rocknest windblown materials previously analyzed by Curiosity suggest that indigenous martian or meteoritic organic carbon sources may be preserved in the mudstone; however, the carbon source for the chlorinated hydrocarbons is not definitively of martian origin.
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| 10. |
- Sahajwalla, V., et al.
(författare)
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Structure and alkali content of coke in an experimental blast furnace and their gasification reaction
- 2004
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Ingår i: Iron & Steel Technology Conference proceedings. - Warrendale, Pa : Iron and Steel Society. - 1886362750 ; , s. 491-500
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coke samples excavated from LKAB's Experimental Blast Furnace (EBF) at MEFOS in Luleå, Sweden were used to observe the influence of in-furnace reactions on the changes in chemical stracture of cokes and their influence on kinetics of CO 2 reactivity. In addition to growth of carbon crystallite of coke, alkali concentration particularly potassium and sodium were found to increase as coke descended towards lower part of the EBF. The increase in carbon structure could be linearly related to measured temperature profiles of EBF. Isothermal and non-isothermal TGA measurements are shown to indicate that CO 2 reactivity of coke becomes progressively faster as it moves towards lower part of blast furnace. The study suggests that alkali enrichment of cokes in an operating blast furnace could have a strong catalytic effect on the CO 2 reactivity. Further research is expected to clarify the mechanisms of influence of coke minerals on reactivity and their implications in a blast furnace.
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