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- Rajkumar, T, et al.
(författare)
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Carcinoma of the cervix and tobacco smoking: Collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 13,541 women with carcinoma of the cervix and 23,017 women without carcinoma of the cervix from 23 epidemiological studies - International collaboration of epidemiological studies of cervical cancer
- 2006
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Ingår i: International Journal of Cancer. - : Wiley. - 0020-7136. ; 118:6, s. 1481-1495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tobacco smoking has been classified as a cause of cervical cancer, but the effect of different patterns of smoking on risk is unclear. The International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer has brought together and combined individual data on 13,541 women with and 23,017 women without cervical carcinoma, from 23 epidemiological studies. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of carcinoma of the cervix in relation to tobacco smoking were calculated with stratification by study, age, sexual partners, age at first intercourse, oral contraceptive use and parity. Current smokers had a significantly increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix compared to never smokers (RR = 1.60 (95% CI: 1.48-1.73), p < 0.001). There was increased risk for past smokers also, though to a lesser extent (RR = 1.12 (1.01-1.25)), and there was no clear trend with time since stopping smoking (p-trend = 0.6). There was no association between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the cervix (RR = 0.89 (0.74-1.06) and 0.89 (0.72-1.10) for current and past smokers respectively), and the differences between the RRs for smoking and squamous cell and adenocarcinoma were statistically significant (current smoking p < 0.001 and past smoking p = 0.01). In current smokers, the RR of squamous cell carcinoma increased with increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day and also with younger age at starting smoking (p < 0.001 for each trend), but not with duration of smoking (p-trend = 0.3). Eight of the studies had tested women for cervical HPV-DNA, and in analyses restricted to women who tested positive, there was a significantly increased risk in current compared to never smokers for squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 1.95 (1.43-2.65)), but not for adenocarcinoma (RR = 1.06 (0.14-7.96)). In summary, smokers are at an increased risk of squamous cell but not of adenocarcinoma of the cervix. The risk of squamous cell carcinoma increases in current smokers with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and with younger age at starting smoking.
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| 2. |
- Tajkumar, T, et al.
(författare)
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Cervical carcinoma and sexual behavior: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 15,461 women with cervical carcinoma and 29,164 women without cervical carcinoma from 21 epidemiological studies
- 2009
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Ingår i: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. - 1538-7755. ; 18:4, s. 1060-1069
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types cause most cervical carcinomas and are sexually transmitted. Sexual behavior therefore affects HPV exposure and its cancer sequelae. The International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer has combined data on lifetime number of sexual partners and age at first sexual intercourse from 21 studies, or groups of studies, including 10,773 women with invasive cervical carcinoma, 4,688 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3)/carcinoma in situ, and 29,164 women without cervical carcinoma. Relative risks for invasive cancer and CIN3 were estimated by conditional logistic regression. Risk of invasive cervical carcinoma increased with lifetime number of sexual partners (P for linear trend <0.001). The relative risk for > or =6 versus 1 partner, conditioned on age, study, and age at first intercourse, was 2.27 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.98-2.61] and increased to 2.78 (95% CI, 2.22-3.47) after additional conditioning on reproductive factors. The risk of invasive cervical carcinoma increased with earlier age at first intercourse (P for linear trend <0.001). The relative risk for age at first intercourse < or =14 versus > or =25 years, conditioned on age, study, and lifetime number of sexual partners was 3.52 (95% CI, 3.04-4.08), which decreased to 2.05 (95% CI, 1.54-2.73) after additional conditioning on reproductive factors. CIN3/carcinoma in situ showed a similar association with lifetime number of sexual partners; however, the association with age at first intercourse was weaker than for invasive carcinoma. Results should be interpreted with caution given the strong correlation between sexual and reproductive factors and the limited information on HPV status.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Horkoff, Jennifer, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency and effectiveness of requirements elicitation techniques for children
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2018 IEEE 26th International Requirements Engineering Conference, RE 2018. ; , s. 194-204
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: The market for software targeting children, both for education and entertainment, is growing. Existing work, mainly from HCI, has considered the effectiveness of elicitation techniques for eliciting requirements from children as part of a design process. Objective:However, we are lacking work which compares requirements elicitation techniques when used with children. Methods: This study compares five elicitation techniques, taking into consideration the effectiveness and efficiency of each technique. Techniques were used with a total of 54 children aged 8-13, eliciting requirements for a museum flight simulator. We compare techniques by looking at the number and type of requirements discovered, perceived participant satisfaction, resources required, perceived usefulness, and requirements coverage of domain specific categories. Conclusions: We observed notable differences between the techniques, including the effectiveness of observations and relative ineffectiveness of questionnaires. We present a set of guidelines to aid industry in eliciting requirements for child-friendly software.
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| 5. |
- Platis, D., et al.
(författare)
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Insights into the Trilateral Relationship of Crowdfunding Campaigns, Open Source and Communities
- 2018
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Ingår i: IFIP International Conference on Open Source Systems; Open Source Systems: Enterprise Software and Solutions. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319923758 ; , s. 26-36
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Crowdfunding campaigns enable individuals to bring their ideas to production by appealing directly to the end-market and the global community. A number of these projects are open source, seemingly, counteracting the funding process. We interviewed founders, developers and managers of 13 crowdfunding initiatives involving open source products to determine how communities, crowdfunding campaigns and open source are associated. Our findings verified the existence of common characteristics among the cases, the emergence of a family-like relationship between the organizers and the community, as well as the community perceived as a success factor. We suggest that the development of certain niche products inherently leads to the adoption of open source as a licensing model and crowdfunding as the capital gathering process.
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