| 1. |
- Ameen, Carly, et al.
(författare)
-
Specialized sledge dogs accompanied Inuit dispersal across the North American Arctic
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Biological Sciences. - : The Royal Society. - 0962-8452 .- 1471-2954. ; 286:1916
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Domestic dogs have been central to life in the North American Arctic for millennia. The ancestors of the Inuit were the first to introduce the widespread usage of dog sledge transportation technology to the Americas, but whether the Inuit adopted local Palaeo-Inuit dogs or introduced a new dog population to the region remains unknown. To test these hypotheses, we generated mitochondrial DNA and geometric morphometric data of skull and dental elements from a total of 922 North American Arctic dogs and wolves spanning over 4500 years. Our analyses revealed that dogs from Inuit sites dating from 2000 BP possess morphological and genetic signatures that distinguish them from earlier Palaeo-Inuit dogs, and identified a novel mitochondrial clade in eastern Siberia and Alaska. The genetic legacy of these Inuit dogs survives today in modern Arctic sledge dogs despite phenotypic differences between archaeological and modern Arctic dogs. Together, our data reveal that Inuit dogs derive from a secondary pre-contact migration of dogs distinct from Palaeo-Inuit dogs, and probably aided the Inuit expansion across the North American Arctic beginning around 1000 BP.
|
|
| 2. |
- Harrison, Dick, et al.
(författare)
-
The Lombards in the Early Carolingian Epoch
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Karl der Grosse und sein Nachwirken. 1200 Jahre Kultur und Wissenschaft in Europa. - : Brepols, Turnhout. - 2503506739 ; 1
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 3. |
- Harrison, J. P., et al.
(författare)
-
Rock engineering design and the evolution of Eurocode 7 : The critical six years to 2020
- 2017
-
Ingår i: 13th ISRM International Congress of Rock Mechanics. - : International Society for Rock Mechanics. - 9781926872254
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2010, the Eurocode for Geotechnical Design, EN-1997-1:2004 (CEN, 2004), informally known as Eurocode 7 or EC7, became the Reference Design Code (RDC) for geotechnical design - including rock engineering design - within the European Union (EU). EC7 is one standard within the comprehensive Structural Eurocode suite, which as a whole has been also adopted by a number of other countries beyond the EU. EC7 is thus becoming a key design standard for geotechnical engineering worldwide. As part of the Structural Eurocode suite, EC7 requires designs to adhere to the principles of Limit State Design. However, it is not clear that current rock engineering design practice can satisfy this requirement. In addition, evidence is accumulating that EC7 is currently difficult to apply to, and may even be inappropriate for, rock engineering design. These issues may be due to the fact that the development of EC7 to date took place without any formal input from the international rock mechanics and rock engineering community. In early 2011 under the auspices of CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation / European Committee for Standardisation), EC7 entered a formal period of maintenance which was aimed at improving the applicability and ease-of-use of the Code. This maintenance cycle will conclude in 2020 with the publication of a revised version of EC7. This paper describes a number of critical aspects for rock engineering in the context of EC7, in particular the following: - the history of the Structural Eurocodes and the concepts they embody; - the nature of Limit State Design and the challenges and opportunities it poses for rock engineering design; - the formal means by which the Structural Eurocode maintenance cycle proceeds; - the plans currently being developed for improving EC7 with regard to rock engineering design and construction; - the unique and vital opportunity for the entire international rock mechanics and rock engineering community to comment on the Code and make suggestions for its improvement.
|
|
| 4. |
- Morrison, Kathleen D., et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping past human land use using archaeological data : A new classification for global land use synthesis and data harmonization
- 2021
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 16:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the 12,000 years preceding the Industrial Revolution, human activities led to significant changes in land cover, plant and animal distributions, surface hydrology, and biochemical cycles. Earth system models suggest that this anthropogenic land cover change influenced regional and global climate. However, the representation of past land use in earth system models is currently oversimplified. As a result, there are large uncertainties in the current understanding of the past and current state of the earth system. In order to improve representation of the variety and scale of impacts that past land use had on the earth system, a global effort is underway to aggregate and synthesize archaeological and historical evidence of land use systems. Here we present a simple, hierarchical classification of land use systems designed to be used with archaeological and historical data at a global scale and a schema of codes that identify land use practices common to a range of systems, both implemented in a geospatial database. The classification scheme and database resulted from an extensive process of consultation with researchers worldwide. Our scheme is designed to deliver consistent, empirically robust data for the improvement of land use models, while simultaneously allowing for a comparative, detailed mapping of land use relevant to the needs of historical scholars. To illustrate the benefits of the classification scheme and methods for mapping historical land use, we apply it to Mesopotamia and Arabia at 6 kya (c. 4000 BCE). The scheme will be used to describe land use by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) LandCover6k working group, an international project comprised of archaeologists, historians, geographers, paleoecologists, and modelers. Beyond this, the scheme has a wide utility for creating a common language between research and policy communities, linking archaeologists with climate modelers, biodiversity conservation workers and initiatives.
|
|
