| 1. |
- Juvrud, Joshua, et al.
(författare)
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Attention during Visual Preference Tasks : Relation to Caregiving and Face Recognition
- 2019
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Ingår i: Infancy. - : WILEY. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 24:3, s. 356-367
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research examined how caregiver experience (female primary caregiver or distributed caregiving with mom and dad) influenced 10-, 14-, and 16-month-olds' visual preferences and attention toward internal facial features of female-male face pairs, and how these behaviors related to novelty preferences in a face recognition task and speed and accuracy on a visual search task. In the visual preference task, infants visually preferred male faces, regardless of caregiver experience. Despite similarities in visual preferences, infants' attention toward females and males' internal facial features was related for infants with distributed caregiving only. Infants' performance across face processing tasks most often correlated for those with female primary caregivers. Results further our understanding of how infants with female primary caregivers display specialized processing of female faces, and how infants with distributed caregiving show similarities in their attention to female and male facial features.
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| 2. |
- Lovén, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Who are you looking at? : The influence of face gender on visual attention and memory for own- and other-race faces
- 2012
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Ingår i: Memory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0965-8211 .- 1464-0686. ; 20:4, s. 321-331
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research suggests that the own-race bias (ORB) in memory for faces is a result of other-race faces receiving less visual attention at encoding. As women typically display an own-gender bias in memory for faces and men do not, we investigated whether face gender and sex of viewer influenced visual attention and memory for own- and other-race faces, and if preferential viewing of own-race faces contributed to the ORB in memory. Participants viewed pairs of female or male own- and other-race faces while their viewing time was recorded. Afterwards, they completed a surprise memory test. We found that (1) other-race males received the initial focus of attention, (2) own-race faces were viewed longer than other-race faces over time, although the difference was larger for female faces, and (3) even though longer viewing time increased the probability of remembering a face, it did not explain the magnified ORB in memory for female faces. Importantly, these findings highlight that face gender moderates attentional responses to and memory for own- and other-race faces.
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| 3. |
- Nordin, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Age-related hippocampal resting-state connectivity shows axis-dependent associations with memory
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Functional connectivity across large-scale brain networks alters in older age and changes are often associated with memory decline. Studies assessing hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), however, rarely consider the anterior and posterior hippocampus separately, although evidence suggests they are part of two distinct networks differentially supporting memory. While only a limited number of studies have considered age effects on axis-related hippocampal connectivity, findings suggest that rsFC of the two regions display differential effects of age. Reports on the link between such effects and memory are however inconclusive, and previous findings mainly concern episodic memory, ignoring spatial memory also dependent on the hippocampus. Here, we therefore assessed age effects on axis-related hippocampal rsFC, accounting for associations with both episodic and spatial memory in young, middle-aged and older adults (n=194). The anterior and posterior hippocampus showed different age-related decreases in connectivity assessed across middle and older age, but common to the regions was a decreased coupling with the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Only connectivity between the posterior hippocampus and the lingual gyrus increased as a function of age, displaying negative associations with episodic memory. In contrast, the region’s connectivity with the insula, decreasing with age, was positively related to spatial memory. Consistent with previous reports, our findings indicate that hippocampal rsFC vary with age in an axis-dependent manner, and further add to the knowledge on this differentiation’s relevance to memory by showing that age-related rsFC of the anterior and posterior hippocampus is differentially associated with episodic and spatial memory.
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| 4. |
- Nordin, Kristin
(författare)
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Aging Along the Hippocampal Axis : Structure, Function and Whole-brain Connections in Association with Memory
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hippocampus-dependent functions display marked reductions in older age, an observation that has led to the extensive study of age effects on hippocampal properties. Even though research indicates that the hippocampus is structurally and functionally heterogeneous along its longitudinal axis, its anterior and posterior regions differentially supporting episodic and spatial memory representations, few studies explicitly consider age effects in relation to axis. Relatedly, as men and women commonly differ in episodic and spatial memory performance, and sometimes also in rates of age-related hippocampal atrophy, sex could be a potential modifier of age effects. The aim of this thesis was therefore to assess age effects on the hippocampus and its role in episodic and spatial memory across young (20-35 years), middle-aged (40-50 years) and older (60-70 years) adults, adopting a longitudinal-axis approach while considering interactions with sex. Study I evaluated hippocampal volume and activation in relation to associative memory across middle-aged and older adults. Age differences in associative memory were largest in men and paralleled by smaller volumes and less activation in the anterior hippocampus. Study II assessed hippocampus-dependent network-like organization of gray matter by measures of structural whole-brain covariance. The anterior and posterior hippocampus showed shared and distinct patterns of covariance, which were qualitatively comparable across age groups. However, participants’ expression of these patterns decreased as a function of age, comparably for men and women, and showed significant associations with episodic memory. Study III investigated age effects on resting-state functional connectivity and demonstrated that both the anterior and posterior hippocampus decreased in connectivity with several brain regions across middle-aged and older adults. Memory was only associated with age-related connectivity of the posterior hippocampus: episodic memory negatively with connectivity increasing as a function of age, and spatial memory positively with connectivity that decreased. These studies demonstrate distinct effects of age on the anterior and posterior hippocampus, and show that age-related decline of these regions differentially relates to episodic and spatial memory. Overall, findings highlight the importance of explicitly considering the heterogeneity of the hippocampal axis in the assessment of its role in age-related memory decline.
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| 5. |
- Nordin, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Overlapping effects of age on associative memory and the anterior hippocampus from middle to older age
- 2017
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 317, s. 350-359
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The anterior hippocampus has been implicated in associative memory, and along with hippocampal volume, this type of memory declines with age. However, few cross-sectional studies include middle-aged samples, making it unclear at what point these age-related changes occur. In addition, although men and women have been shown to differ in associative memory and rates of age-related hippocampal atrophy, sex-differences in aging are rarely studied. To address these issues, we assessed memory for word-pairs, hippocampal volume and activation during encoding and retrieval, across middle-aged (n=39) and older (n=44) participants, specifically in relation to sex. Older adults showed significantly poorer associative memory compared to middle-aged adults, paralleled by smaller anterior hippocampi and less activation during successful retrieval. The age-by-sex interaction observed in memory performance was also mirrored in the volume and activation of the hippocampus, indicating more pronounced age-effects in men as compared to women. These results indicate a specific role of the anterior hippocampus in verbal associative memory and suggest they both decline between middle-age and older age.
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| 6. |
- Nordin, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Structural whole-brain covariance of the anterior and posterior hippocampus : Associations with age and memory
- 2018
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Ingår i: Hippocampus. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1050-9631 .- 1098-1063. ; 28:2, s. 151-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hippocampus (HC) interacts with distributed brain regions to support memory and shows significant volume reductions in aging, but little is known about age effects on hippocampal whole-brain structural covariance. It is also unclear whether the anterior and posterior HC show similar or distinct patterns of whole-brain covariance and to what extent these are related to memory functions organized along the hippocampal longitudinal axis. Using the multivariate approach partial least squares, we assessed structural whole-brain covariance of the HC in addition to regional volume, in young, middle-aged and older adults (n = 221), and assessed associations with episodic and spatial memory. Based on findings of sex differences in both memory and brain aging, we further considered sex as a potential modulating factor of age effects. There were two main covariance patterns: one capturing common anterior and posterior covariance, and one differentiating the two regions by capturing anterior-specific covariance only. These patterns were differentially related to associative memory while unrelated to measures of single-item memory and spatial memory. Although patterns were qualitatively comparable across age groups, participants' expression of both patterns decreased with age, independently of sex. The results suggest that the organization of hippocampal structural whole-brain covariance remains stable across age, but that the integrity of these networks decreases as the brain undergoes age-related alterations.
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| 7. |
- Persson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Remembering our origin : Gender differences in spatial memory are reflected in gender differences in hippocampal lateralization
- 2013
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Ingår i: Behavioural Brain Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-4328 .- 1872-7549. ; 256, s. 219-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender differences in spatial memory favoring men are frequently reported, and the involvement of the hippocampus in these functions is well-established. However, little is known of whether this behavioral gender difference is mirrored in a gender difference in hippocampal function. Here we assessed hippocampal activity, using functional MRI, while 24 men and women moved through three-dimensional virtual mazes (navigation phase) of varying length, and at the end-point estimated the direction of the starting-point (pointing phase). Men were indeed more accurate than women at estimating direction, and this was especially true in longer mazes. Both genders activated the posterior hippocampus throughout the whole task. During the navigation phase, men showed a larger activation in the right hippocampus than women, while in the pointing phase, women showed a larger activation in the left hippocampus than men. Right-lateralized activation during the navigation phase was associated with greater task performance, and may reflect a spatial strategy that is beneficial in this task. Left-sided activation during the pointing phase might reflect a less efficient post hoc verbal recapitulation of the route. This study is the first to identify neural correlates of the commonly observed male advantage in recalling one's original position, and points to hippocampal lateralization as a possible explanation for this behavioral gender difference. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Persson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Sex differences in volume and structural covariance of the anterior and posterior hippocampus
- 2014
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Ingår i: NeuroImage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1053-8119 .- 1095-9572. ; :99, s. 215-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex differences in episodic and spatial memory are frequently observed, suggesting that there may be sex-related structural differences in the hippocampus (HC). Earlier findings are inconsistent, possibly due to a known variability along the hippocampal longitudinal axis. Here, we assessed potential sex differences in hippocampal volume and structural covariance with the rest of the brain in young men and women (N=76), considering the anterior (aHC) and posterior (pHC) hippocampus separately. Women exhibited a larger pHC than men adjusted for brain size. Using partial least squares, we identified two significant patterns of structural covariance of the aHC and pHC. The first included brain areas that covaried positively and negatively in volume with both the aHC and pHC in men, but showed greater covariance with the aHC than pHC in women. The second pattern revealed distinct structural covariance of the aHC and pHC that showed a clear difference between men and women: in men the pHC showed reliable structural covariance with the medial and lateral parietal lobes and the prefrontal cortex, whereas in women the aHC showed reliable structural covariance with the anterior temporal lobe bilaterally. This pattern converges with resting state functional connectivity of the aHC and pHC and suggests that these hippocampal sections interact with different brain regions, consistent with a division of labor with regards to episodic and spatial memory. Our findings lend support to a division of the HC into an anterior and posterior part and identify sex as a potential moderating factor when investigating hippocampal structure and connectivity.
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| 9. |
- Rennels, Jennifer L, et al.
(författare)
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Caregiving experience and its relation to perceptual narrowing of face gender
- 2017
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Ingår i: Developmental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0012-1649 .- 1939-0599. ; 53:8, s. 1437-1446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research examined whether infants tested longitudinally at 10, 14, and 16 months of age (N = 58) showed evidence of perceptual narrowing based on face gender (better discrimination of female than male faces) and whether changes in caregiving experience longitudinally predicted changes in infants' discrimination of male faces. To test face discrimination, infants participated in familiarization/novelty preference tasks and visual search tasks including female and male faces. At each age of participation, they were coded as having a female primary caregiver only or distributed caregiving experience (alternating experience with a female and male primary caregiver). Perceptual narrowing was evident for infants with a female primary caregiver, but only within the visual search task, which required location of a familiarized face among 3 novel distractor faces (exemplar-based discrimination); it was not evident within the familiarity/novelty preference task, which required discrimination between a familiarized and novel face (individual-based discrimination). Caregiving experience significantly explained individual changes in infants' ability to locate male faces during the visual search task after 10 months. These data are the first to demonstrate flexibility of the face processing system in relation to gender discrimination when there is a change in caregiver within the infants' natural environment after perceptual narrowing normally manifests.
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| 10. |
- Samson, Ineke, et al.
(författare)
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A Cross-Sectional Investigation of the Impact of Stuttering on Swedish Females and Males in Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research. - : American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. - 1092-4388 .- 1558-9102. ; 65:12, s. 4608-4622
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: We aimed to cross-sectionally describe the impact of stuttering on persons who stutter (PWS): children, adolescents, and young adults. Based on previous research on PWS and psychosocial health in the general population, we hypothesized that (a) the adverse impact of stuttering in PWS would be larger among adolescents than children and young adults and that (b) females, especially adolescent females, would report being more adversely impacted by their stuttering than males.Method: We pooled samples of Swedish PWS, obtaining 162 individuals (75 females and 87 males), aged 7-30 years. We measured the impact of stuttering using age-relevant versions of the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES). The relationship between OASES score, age, and sex was described using a polynomial model with an interaction term between age and sex to allow for potential differences between females and males' age-related curves.Results: The average trends were that (a) the impact of stuttering was greater for the adolescents than for the children and young adults, and (b) females, especially adolescent females, were on average more impacted by their stuttering than males. Taking self-reported speech fluency into account did not change this pattern.Conclusions: In line with findings on psychosocial health, communication attitude, and self-esteem in the general population, the impact of stuttering seems to be particularly adverse among adolescents, especially female adolescents. Thus, clinicians need to be aware of the risk that young girls who stutter may develop a negative attitude to speech and communication, and this should also be communicated to caregivers and teachers.
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