| 1. |
- Asperholm, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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The magnitude of sex differences in verbal episodic memory increases with social progress : Data from 54 countries across 40 years
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex differences in episodic memory have been reported. We investigate (1) the existence of sex differences in verbal and other episodic memory tasks in 54 countries, and (2) the association between the time-and country-specific social progress indicators (a) female to male ratio in education and labor force participation, (b) population education and employment, and (c) GDP per capita, and magnitude of sex differences in verbal episodic memory tasks. Data were retrieved from 612 studies, published 1973-2013. Results showed that females outperformed (Cohen's d > 0) males in verbal (42 out of 45 countries) and other (28 out of 45 countries) episodic memory tasks. Although all three social progress indicators were, separately, positively associated with the female advantage in verbal episodic memory performance, only population education and employment remained significant when considering the social indicators together. Results suggest that women's verbal episodic memory performance benefits more than men's from education and employment.
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| 2. |
- Bagøien Hustad, Ingvill, et al.
(författare)
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Occupational Attributes and Occupational Gender Segregation in Sweden : Does It Change Over Time?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden consistently ranks at the top of international assessments of gender equality, but paradoxically exhibits marked horizontal gender segregation in the labor market. By combining administrative and respondent-collected data, this study investigates whether occupational attributes are associated with sex distribution in Swedish occupations over a 10-year period between 2002 and 2011. Results show that the proportion of women was higher, on average, in occupations high in people orientation and verbal demands and lower in occupations high in things orientation and numerical demands. Mixed linear models showed a trend for desegregation during this period, as the proportion of women in people-oriented occupations has declined and a trend for an increase in the proportion of women in numerically demanding occupations was observed. Occupational attributes aid the understanding of gender segregation but patterns of segregation seem to change over time.
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| 3. |
- Dekhtyar, Serhiy, et al.
(författare)
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A life-course study of cognitive reserve in dementia: Dementia incidence in inpatient registers and mmse test scores in a clinical study in sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Alzheimer's & Dementia. - : Wiley. - 1552-5279 .- 1552-5260. ; 11:7, s. 200-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognitive reserve helps mitigate the impact of pathology on the clinical expression of dementia. Education and occupational complexity are considered as contributors to reserve, although it has been argued that cognitive reserve is likely formed over the life-course. A life-course model of cognitive reserve in dementia risk has not yet been tested. We apply a life-course model and examine if school grades around age 10, formal educational attainment, and lifetime occupational complexity affect dementia incidence in inpatient registers.
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| 4. |
- Dekhtyar, Serhiy, et al.
(författare)
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A Life-Course Study of Cognitive Reserve in Dementia-From Childhood to Old Age.
- 2015
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Ingår i: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1545-7214 .- 1064-7481. ; 23:9, s. 885-896
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To test a life-course model of cognitive reserve in dementia and examine if school grades around age 10 years, formal educational attainment, and lifetime occupational complexity affect the risk of dementia in old age. Methods 7,574 men and women from the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study were followed for 21 years. Information on school performance, formal education, and occupational attainment was collected prospectively from elementary school archives and population censuses. Dementia diagnosis was extracted from the two Swedish registers. Discrete-time Cox proportional hazard models were estimated. Results Dementia was diagnosed in 950 individuals (12.5%). Dementia risk was lower among individuals with higher childhood school grades (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 0.93) and was lower among individuals in data-complex occupations (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64 to 0.92). Professional/university education predicted lower risk of dementia in minimally adjusted models (HR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.60 to 0.91), although the effect faded with adjustment for occupational complexity. Lowest risk was found in the group with both higher childhood school performance and high occupational complexity with data (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.50 to 0.75). Importantly, high occupational complexity could not compensate for the effect of low childhood grades. In contrast, dementia risk was reduced in those with higher school grades, irrespective of occupational complexity. Conclusion Higher childhood school performance is protective of dementia risk, particularly when preserved through complex work environments in adulthood, although it will remain protective even in the absence of later-life educational or occupational stimulation.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Dekhtyar, Serhiy, et al.
(författare)
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Associations of head circumference at birth with earlylife school performance and later-life occupational prestige
- 2015
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Ingår i: Longitudinal and Life Course Studies. - : Bristol University Press. - 1757-9597. ; 6:1, s. 26-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Head circumference at birth has been suggested as a marker of foetal brain development. New-borns with small head size have been shown to have lower intelligence scores in childhood. It is, however, unclear whether this relationship extends into adult life, and more importantly, whether adult status attainment and lifetime success is affected as a result. Furthermore it is unclear how social origin at birth attenuates the relationship between foetal brain development, childhood cognitive outcomes, and lifetime status attainment. Using the Uppsala Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study, a unique population-based database of 14,192 individuals followed from birth into advanced old age, we demonstrate that those born with small head circumference experience reductions in both early-life school performance and lifetime occupational prestige. These effects are not subject to modification by parental social class: small head size at birth is associated with lower grades and lower occupational prestige among individuals born into both advantaged and disadvantaged social classes. Employing causal mediation analysis, we also demonstrate that the link between head circumference at birth and adult occupational prestige is mainly the result of a direct effect, although a portion of this effect is also mediated by early-life school performance which also contributes to occupational attainment trajectories. These findings demonstrate the importance of early-life environments for cognitive development as well as lifetime status attainment.
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| 7. |
- Dekhtyar, Serhiy, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood school performance, education and occupational complexity : a life-course study of dementia in the Kungsholmen Project
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Epidemiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0300-5771 .- 1464-3685. ; 45:4, s. 1207-1215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Cognitive reserve hypothesis predicts that intellectually demanding activities over the life course protect against dementia. We investigate if childhood school performance remains associated with dementia once education and occupational complexity are taken into account. Methods: A cohort of 440 individuals aged 75+ from the Kungsholmen Project was followed up for 9 years to detect dementia. To measure early-life contributors to reserve, we used grades at age 9-10 extracted from the school archives. Data on formal education and occupational complexity were collected at baseline and first follow-up. Dementia was ascertained through comprehensive clinical examination. Cox models estimated the relationship between life-course cognitive reserve measures and dementia. Results: Dementia risk was elevated [hazard ratio (HR): 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03 to 2.29] in individuals with low early-life school grades after adjustment for formal educational attainment and occupational complexity. Secondary education was associated with a lower risk of dementia (HR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.03), although the effects of post-secondary and university degrees were indistinguishable from baseline. Occupational complexity with data and things was not related to dementia. However, an association was found between high occupational complexity with people and dementia, albeit only in women (HR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.99). The pattern of results remained unchanged after adjustment for genetic susceptibility, comorbidities and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Low early-life school performance is associated with an elevated risk of dementia, independent of subsequent educational and occupational attainment.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Herlitz, Agneta, et al.
(författare)
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A life-span approach to dementia
- 2013
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Ingår i: Dementia and Memory. - New York : Psychology Press. - 9781848722927 ; , s. 110-123
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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