| 1. |
- Davidson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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CMT rapport: kostnader och kostnadseffektivitet av ett införande av dabigatran hos patienter med förmaksflimmer
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Förmaksflimmer är den vanligaste arytmin i Sverige och orsakar stora kostnader inom hälso- och sjukvården. Förutom att patienterna vanligen drabbas av försämrad livskvalitet går det också åt stora resurser för komplikationer i form av tromboembolier och stroke. De flesta behandlingar inom förmaksflimmer kombineras med antikoagulationsbehandling för att förebygga eller förhindra uppkomst av tromboembolier och ischemisk stroke. Vid denna behandling krävs noggrann dosering för att sänka risken för stroke utan att kraftigt höja risken för blödningar. Warfarin har under lång tid varit det mest effektivaantikoagulationsläkemedlet för skydd mot tromboembolier vid förmaksflimmer. Ett annat behandlingsalternativ är acetylsalicylsyra (ASA). Ett nytt antikoagulationsläkemedel som heter dabigatran (Pradaxa®) har nyligen godkänts som förebyggande behandling av stroke och systemisk embolism hos patienter med förmaksflimmer. Dabigatran har i en stor studie, (RE-LY), visat sig reducera risken för stroke jämfört med warfarin.Det övergripande syftet med denna rapport är att beräkna hälsoekonomiska konsekvenser i form av kostnader och kostnadseffektivitet av ett införande av dabigatran (Pradaxa®) som förebyggande behandling av stroke och systemisk embolism hos patienter med förmaksflimmer. I grundanalysen analyseras dabigatran 150 mg två gånger per dag för personer som är under 80 år och dabigatran 110 mg två gånger per dag för personer 80 år eller äldre. Jämförelser görs med warfarin och ASA, och warfarinbehandlingen delas dessutom in i tre subgrupper; välinställda, dåligt inställda samt warfarin-naïva patienter.En simuleringsmodell har skapats för att beräkna långsiktiga kostnader och effekter för de olika behandlingsalternativen. Effekterna mäts i antal förhindrade stroke, antal vunna levnadsår samt antal vunna kvalitetsjusterade levnadsår (QALYs). Priset för de båda dagliga doserna av dabigatran (150 mg gånger två och 110 mg gånger två) är 25,39 kronor per dag.Analyserna i den här rapporten visar att kostnaden för förmaksflimmer i Sverige beräknas till drygt 4,1 miljarder kronor år 2010. Denna kostnad förväntas sjunka vid införande av dabigatran, till följd av besparingar inom vården av stroke och ett sänkt produktionsbortfall. Kostnaden per vunnet QALY för dabigatran 150 mg / 110 mg jämfört med warfarin, hos patienter som är 65 år gamla och följs upp i 20 år, har beräknats till 74 216 kronor. Vid jämförelse med välinställd warfarinbehandling höjs kostnaden per vunnet QALY till 107 186 kronor. Om dabigatran 110 mg två gånger dagligen jämförs med ASA leder det till lägre kostnader och bättre effekter, vilket innebär att dabigatran 110 mg två gånger dagligen är en dominant behandling för patienter som inte är lämpliga för warfarinbehandling.Ett införande av dabigatran leder till kostnadsförskjutningar inom flera olika områden. En ökad kostnad uppkommer för läkemedel, medan sänkta kostnader uppkommer till följd av färre stroke. För patienten innebär dabigatran lägre risk för stroke och färre besök i sjukvården.
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| 2. |
- Davidson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effectiveness of dabigatran compared with warfarin for patients with atrial fibrillation in Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP): Policy B. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 34:3, s. 177-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patients with atrial fibrillation have a significantly increased risk of thromboembolic events such as ischaemic stroke, and patients are therefore recommended to be treated with anticoagulation treatment. The most commonly used anticoagulant consists of vitamin K antagonist such as warfarin. A new oral anticoagulation treatment, dabigatran, has recently been approved for stroke prevention among patients with atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of dabigatran as preventive treatment of stroke and thromboembolic events compared with warfarin in 65-year-old patients with atrial fibrillation in Sweden. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanA decision analytic simulation model was used to estimate the long-term (20-year) costs and effects of the different treatments. The outcome measures are the number of strokes prevented, life years gained, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. Costs and effect data are adjusted to a Swedish setting. Patients below 80 years of age are assumed to start with dabigatran 150 mg twice a day and switch to 110 mg twice a day at the age of 80 years due to higher bleeding risk. The price of dabigatran in Sweden is Euro2.82 (Swedish kronor 25.39) per day for both doses. The cost per QALY gained for dabigatran compared with warfarin is estimated at Euro7742, increasing to Euro12 449 if dabigatran is compared with only well-controlled warfarin treatment. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanDabigatran is a cost-effective treatment in Sweden, as its incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is below the normally accepted willingness to pay limit.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Davidson, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The Cost of Thromboembolic Events and their Prevention among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Atrial Fibrillation. - : CardioFront. - 1941-6911. ; 2:4, s. 00-00
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. People with AF have a significantly increased risk of thromboembolic events, including stroke, and the main treatment is therefore aimed at preventing thromboembolic events via anticoagulation with warfarin or acetylsalicylic acid. However, the development of new anticoagulation treatments has prompted a need to know the current cost of AF-related thromboembolic events, for future cost-effectiveness comparisons with the existing treatments. In this study, we estimated the cost of thromboembolic events and their prevention among Swedish AF patients in 2010. Methods: The relevant costs were identified, quantified, and valued. The complications included were ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, gastrointestinal bleeding, and other types of major bleeding caused by AF. Treatments intended to lower the risk of ischaemic stroke were also included. A societal perspective was used, including productivity loss due to morbidity. Patients with a CHADS2 score of 1 or higher were included. Results: Among the 9 340 682 inhabitants of Sweden, there are 118 000 patients with AF and at least one more risk factor for stroke, comprising 1.26% of the population. Of these patients, 43.3% are treated with warfarin, 28.3% use acetylsalicylic acid, and 28.3% are assumed to have no anticoagulation treatment. The cost of AF-related complications and its prevention in Sweden was estimated at €437 million for 2010, corresponding to €3 712 per AF patient per year. The highest cost was caused by stroke, and the second highest by the cost of monitoring the warfarin treatment. As the prevalence of AF is expected to increase in the future, AF-related costs are also expected to rise. Conclusion: Thromboembolic events cause high costs. New, easily-administered treatments that could reduce the risk of stroke have the potential to be cost-effective.
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| 5. |
- Aasa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Cost and health outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention versus thrombolysis in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-Results of the Swedish Early Decision reperfusion Study (SWEDES) trial.
- 2010
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Ingår i: American heart journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6744 .- 0002-8703. ; 160:2, s. 322-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: In ST-elevation myocardial infarction, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has a superior clinical outcome, but it may increase costs in comparison to thrombolysis. The aim of the study was to compare costs, clinical outcome, and quality-adjusted survival between primary PCI and thrombolysis. METHODS: Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were randomized to primary PCI with adjunctive enoxaparin and abciximab (n = 101), or to enoxaparin followed by reteplase (n = 104). Data on the use of health care resources, work loss, and health-related quality of life were collected during a 1-year period. Cost-effectiveness was determined by comparing costs and quality-adjusted survival. The joint distribution of incremental costs and quality-adjusted survival was analyzed using a nonparametric bootstrap approach. RESULTS: Clinical outcome did not differ significantly between the groups. Compared with the group treated with thrombolysis, the cost of interventions was higher in the PCI-treated group ($4,602 vs $3,807; P = .047), as well as the cost of drugs ($1,309 vs $1,202; P = .001), whereas the cost of hospitalization was lower ($7,344 vs $9,278; P = .025). The cost of investigations, outpatient care, and loss of production did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment arms. Total cost and quality-adjusted survival were $25,315 and 0.759 vs $27,819 and 0.728 (both not significant) for the primary PCI and thrombolysis groups, respectively. Based on the 1-year follow-up, bootstrap analysis revealed that in 80%, 88%, and 89% of the replications, the cost per health outcome gained for PCI will be <$0, $50,000, and $100,000 respectively. CONCLUSION: In a 1-year perspective, there was a tendency toward lower costs and better health outcome after primary PCI, resulting in costs for PCI in comparison to thrombolysis that will be below the conventional threshold for cost-effectiveness in 88% of bootstrap replications.
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| 7. |
- Aronsson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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The cost-effectiveness of radiofrequency catheter ablation as first-line treatment for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation : results from a MANTRA-PAF substudy.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Europace. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1099-5129 .- 1532-2092. ; 17:1, s. 48-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIM: The aim of this prospective substudy was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) with radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) compared with antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) as first-line treatment.METHODS AND RESULTS: A decision-analytic Markov model, based on MANTRA-PAF (Medical Antiarrhythmic Treatment or Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation) study data, was developed to study long-term effects and costs of RFA compared with AADs as first-line treatment. Positive clinical effects were found in the overall population, a gain of an average 0.06 quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) to an incremental cost of €3033, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €50 570/QALY. However, the result of the subgroup analyses showed that RFA was less costly and more effective in younger patients. This implied an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €3434/QALY in ≤50-year-old patients respectively €108 937/QALY in >50-year-old patients.CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency catheter ablation as first-line treatment is a cost-effective strategy for younger patients with paroxysmal AF. However, the cost-effectiveness of using RFA as first-line therapy in older patients is uncertain, and in most of these AADs should be attempted before RFA (MANTRA-PAF ClinicalTrials.gov number; NCT00133211).
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| 8. |
- Cowper, Patricia A, et al.
(författare)
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Economic Analysis of Ticagrelor Therapy From a U.S. Perspective : Results From the PLATO Study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 65:5, s. 465-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Based on results of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial comparing ticagrelor with clopidogrel therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ticagrelor in 2011 for reducing thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with the proviso that it be taken with low-dose aspirin.OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the cost and cost effectiveness of ticagrelor therapy relative to clopidogrel in treating ACS patients from the perspective of the U.S. health care system.METHODS: We estimated within-trial resource use and costs using U.S. low-dose aspirin patients in PLATO (n = 547). Quality-adjusted life expectancy was estimated using the total PLATO population (n = 18,624), combined with baseline risk and long-term survival data from an external ACS patient cohort. Study drugs were valued at current costs. Cost effectiveness was assessed, as was the sensitivity of results to sampling and methodological uncertainties.RESULTS: One year of ticagrelor therapy, relative to that of generic clopidogrel, cost $29,665/quality-adjusted life-year gained, with 99% of bootstrap estimates falling under a $100,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Results were robust to extensive sensitivity analyses, including variations in clopidogrel cost, exclusion of costs in extended years of life, and a recalibrated estimate of survival reflecting a lower underlying mortality risk in the United States.CONCLUSIONS: For PLATO-eligible ACS patients, a U.S. perspective comparison of the current standard of dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin with clopidogrel versus aspirin plus ticagrelor showed that the ticagrelor regimen increased life expectancy at an incremental cost well within accepted benchmarks of good value for money. (A Comparison of Ticagrelor [AZD6140] and Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome [PLATO]; NCT00391872).
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| 9. |
- Cowper, Patricia A., et al.
(författare)
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Economic Analysis of Ticagrelor Therapy From a US Perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 65:5, s. 465-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Based on results of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial comparing ticagrelor with clopidogrel therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ticagrelor in 2011 for reducing thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with the proviso that it be taken with low-dose aspirin. OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess the cost and cost effectiveness of ticagrelor therapy relative to clopidogrel in treating ACS patients from the perspective of the U.S. health care system. METHODS We estimated within-trial resource use and costs using U.S. low-dose aspirin patients in PLATO (n = 547). Quality-adjusted life expectancy was estimated using the total PLATO population (n = 18,624), combined with baseline risk and long-term survival data from an external ACS patient cohort. Study drugs were valued at current costs. Cost effectiveness was assessed, as was the sensitivity of results to sampling and methodological uncertainties. RESULTS One year of ticagrelor therapy, relative to that of generic clopidogrel, cost $29,665/quality-adjusted life-year gained, with 99% of bootstrap estimates falling under a $100,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Results were robust to extensive sensitivity analyses, including variations in clopidogrel cost, exclusion of costs in extended years of life, and a recalibrated estimate of survival reflecting a lower underlying mortality risk in the United States. CONCLUSIONS For PLATO-eligible ACS patients, a U.S. perspective comparison of the current standard of dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin with clopidogrel versus aspirin plus ticagrelor showed that the ticagrelor regimen increased life expectancy at an incremental cost well within accepted benchmarks of good value for money. (C) 2015 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.
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| 10. |
- Davidson, Thomas, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Direct valuation of health state among patients with chest pain : Does income level matter
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- There is still uncertainty over where to include the production loss caused by morbidity in cost-effectiveness analyses. This loss could be included as a cost; but if individuals take their own income into consideration when valuing health states, this would lead to double counting. The purpose of this study was to find out whether individuals’ incomes can explain their valuations of their own current health states.The sample consisted of 156 patients (312 observations) admitted to hospital with chest pain (the FRISC II trial). These patients valued their own current health states by using the time trade-off method (TTO) and a visual analogue scale (VAS). They also answered the EQ-5D instrument and stated their monthly income. Income level was additionally controlled via their taxed income at the tax agency, together with their income generated from capital. Generalised estimation equations were used to test whether the EQ- 5D dimensions and monthly gross income could explain the variation in the valuations of the health states.The results indicate that neither self-stated nor taxed income could explain the variation in the valuations made by TTO. However, self-stated income (but not taxed income) was a significant variable in explaining variation in the VAS valuations.These findings support the inclusion of the production loss caused by morbidity in the analysis, as these costs are not, or at least not to any great extent, implicitly incorporated in the individuals’ QALY weights when TTO is used to value the health states. Using a VAS, some income effects may be included.
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