| 1. |
- Galozy, Alexander, 1991-
(författare)
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Data-driven personalized healthcare : Towards personalized interventions via reinforcement learning for Mobile Health
- 2021
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Medical and technological advancement in the last century has led to the unprecedented increase of the populace's quality of life and lifespan. As a result, an ever-increasing number of people live with chronic health conditions that require long-term treatment, resulting in increased healthcare costs and managerial burden to the healthcare provider. This increase in complexity can lead to ineffective decision-making and reduce care quality for the individual while increasing costs. One promising direction to tackle these issues is the active involvement of the patient in managing their care. Particularly for chronic diseases, where ongoing support is often required, patients must understand their illness and be empowered to manage their care. With the advent of smart devices such as smartphones, it is easier than ever to provide personalised digital interventions to patients, help them manage their treatment in their daily lives, and raise awareness about their illness. If such new approaches are to succeed, scalability is necessary, and solutions are needed that can act autonomously without costly human intervention. Furthermore, solutions should exhibit adaptability to the changing circumstances of an individual patient's health, needs and goals. Through the ongoing digitisation of healthcare, we are presented with the unique opportunity to develop cost-effective and scalable solutions through Artificial Intelligence (AI).This thesis presents work that we conducted as part of the project improving Medication Adherence through Person-Centered Care and Adaptive Interventions (iMedA) that aims to provide personalised adaptive interventions to hypertensive patients, supporting them in managing their medication regiment. The focus lies on inadequate medication adherence (MA), a pervasive issue where patients do not take their medication as instructed by their physician. The selection of individuals for intervention through secondary database analysis on Electronic Health Records (EHRs) was a key challenge and is addressed through in-depth analysis of common adherence measures, development of prediction models for MA and discussions on limitations of such approaches for analysing MA. Furthermore, providing personalised adaptive interventions is framed in the contextual bandit setting and addresses the challenge of delivering relevant interventions in environments where contextual information is significantly corrupted. The contributions of the thesis can be summarised as follows: (1) Highlighting the issues encountered in measuring MA through secondary database analysis and providing recommendations to address these issues, (2) Investigating machine learning models developed using EHRs for MA prediction and extraction of common refilling patterns through EHRs and (3) formal problem definition for a novel contextual bandit setting with context uncertainty commonly encountered in Mobile Health and development of an algorithm designed for such environments.
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| 2. |
- Garcia, Alejandro, et al.
(författare)
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Guaranteed periodic real-time communication over wormhole switched networks
- 2000
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Ingår i: Parallel and distributed computing systems. - Raleigh, NC : INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY COMPUTERS & THEIR APPLICATIONS (ISCA). - 188084334X ; , s. 632-639
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we investigate how to efficiently implement TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) on a wormhole switched network using a pure software solution in the end nodes. Transmission is conflict free on the time-slot level and hence deadlock free. On the sub- slot level, however, conflicts are possible when using early sending, a method we propose in order to reduce latency while still not hazarding the TDMA schedule. We propose a complete system to offer services for dynamic establishment of guaranteed periodic real-time virtual channels. Two different clock synchronization approaches for integration into the TDMA system are discussed. Implementation and experimental studies have been done on a cluster of PCs connected by a Myrinet network. Also, a case study with a radar signal processing application is presented to show the usability. A best-case reduction of the latency of up to 37 percent for 640 Byte messages by using early sending in Myrinet is shown in the case study. Source routed wormhole switching networks are assumed in the work but the results are applicable on some other categories of switched networks too.
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| 3. |
- Hallberg, Lillemor R.-M., et al.
(författare)
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Daily living with hyperacusis due to head injury 1 year after a treatment programme at the hearing clinic
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. - Oxford : Blackwell Publishing. - 0283-9318 .- 1471-6712. ; 19:4, s. 410-418
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the quality of daily living of persons with hyperacusis after a traumatic head injury 1 year after these persons had participated in a treatment programme at a Swedish hearing clinic. The study group consisted of 21 patients with a mean age of 36 years. In-depth interviews, conducted 1 year after the treatment programme, were analysed using the grounded theory method. Five emergent categories were labelled moderating vulnerability, awareness of restrictions, conditioned participation, structuring daily life and controlling mood changes. The core category, moderating vulnerability, describes the necessary balancing act between activity and recovery. The informants were aware of their new restrictions and managed daily life by structuring and planning each day in detail to minimize exposure to sensory stimuli. They had learned to prioritize their activities and, thereby, rationed their time. The evaluated programme appears to have positive effects and facilitates patients' adjustment process to hyperacusis with relatively restricted costs for the society.
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| 4. |
- Johansson, Lena, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Decreased physical health-related quality of life—a persisting state for older women with clinical vertebral fracture
- 2019
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Ingår i: Osteoporosis International. - London : Springer London. - 0937-941X .- 1433-2965. ; 30:10, s. 1961-1971
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a population-based study of older Swedish women, we investigated if clinical vertebral fracture was associated with lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and determined whether the association remained over time. Clinical vertebral fracture was associated with lower HRQoL and the effect persisted for up to 18.9 years.IntroductionVertebral fractures are often associated with back pain and reduced physical function, which might result in isolation and depression. As a result, women with vertebral fractures often have lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but during what time frame the decrease lingers is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if clinical vertebral fracture and hip fracture were associated with lower HRQoL and to determine whether the associations remained over time.MethodsVertebral fracture assessments (VFA) were performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data regarding prior fractures, medications, medical history, and physical activity was collected using a questionnaire. Self-rated physical HRQoL was assessed using the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Women with clinical vertebral fractures were divided into tertiles according to time since fracture onset and their HRQoL was compared with non-fractured women.ResultsIn a population-based cross-sectional study of 3028 women aged 77.8 ± 1.63 (mean ± SD), a total of 130 (4.3%) women reported at least one clinical vertebral fracture. Women with a clinical vertebral fracture, divided into tertiles (T1–T3) depending on time since the fracture occurred, had lower HRQoL (T1: 36.3 ± 10.8; T2: 41.0 ± 9.94; and T3:41.6 ± 11.4) than women without fracture (46.2 ± 10.6; p < 0.001). Using linear regression analysis, clinical vertebral fracture was associated with reduced physical HRQoL for up to 18.9 years, independently of covariates (age, height, weight, smoking, prior stroke, mental HRQoL, grip strength, and lumbar spine BMD).ConclusionsClinical vertebral fracture was associated with lower self-rated physical HRQoL, for up to 18.9 years after time of fracture. © 2019, The Author(s).
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Mikael, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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The decline of user experience in transition from automated driving to manual driving
- 2021
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Ingår i: Information (Switzerland). - Basel : MDPI AG. - 2078-2489. ; 12:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated driving technologies are rapidly being developed. However, until vehicles are fully automated, the control of the dynamic driving task will be shifted between the driver and automated driving system. This paper aims to explore how transitions from automated driving to manual driving affect user experience and how that experience correlates to take-over performance. In the study 20 participants experienced using an automated driving system during rush-hour traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, USA. The automated driving system was available in congested traffic situations and when active, the participants could engage in non-driving related activities. The participants were interviewed afterwards regarding their experience of the transitions. The findings show that most of the participants experienced the transition from automated driving to manual driving as negative. Their user experience seems to be shaped by several reasons that differ in temporality and are derived from different phases during the transition process. The results regarding correlation between participants’ experience and take-over performance are inconclusive, but some trends were identified. The study highlights the need for new design solutions that do not only improve drivers’ take-over performance, but also enhance user experience during take-over requests from automated to manual driving.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Pomares-Millan, Hugo, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting Sensitivity to Adverse Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Mortality
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - Basel : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 14:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People appear to vary in their susceptibility to lifestyle risk factors for cardiometabolic disease; determining a priori who is most sensitive may help optimize the timing, design, and delivery of preventative interventions. We aimed to ascertain a person’s degree of resilience or sensitivity to adverse lifestyle exposures and determine whether these classifications help predict cardiometabolic disease later in life; we pooled data from two population-based Swedish prospective cohort studies (n = 53,507), and we contrasted an individual’s cardiometabolic biomarker profile with the profile predicted for them given their lifestyle exposure characteristics using a quantile random forest approach. People who were classed as ‘sensitive’ to hypertension- and dyslipidemia-related lifestyle exposures were at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD, hazards ratio 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3, 1.91)), compared with the general population. No differences were observed for type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk. Here, we report a novel approach to identify individuals who are especially sensitive to adverse lifestyle exposures and who are at higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. Early preventive interventions may be needed in this subgroup.
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| 8. |
- Rydström, Annie, et al.
(författare)
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Drivers’ Performance in Non-critical Take-Overs From an Automated Driving System—An On-Road Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Human Factors. - Thousand Oaks, CA : SAGE Publications. - 1547-8181 .- 0018-7208. ; 65:8, s. 1841-1857
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this semi-controlled study was to investigate drivers’ performance when resuming control from an Automated Driving System (ADS), simulated through the Wizard of Oz method, in real traffic. Background: Research on take-overs has primarily focused on urgent scenarios. This article aims to shift the focus to non-critical take-overs from a system operating in congested traffic situations. Method: Twenty drivers drove a selected route in rush-hour traffic in the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, USA. During the drive, the ADS became available when predetermined availability conditions were fulfilled. When the system was active, the drivers were free to engage in non-driving related activities. Results: The results show that drivers’ transition time goes down with exposure, making it reasonable to assume that some experience is required to regain control with comfort and ease. The novel analysis of after-effects of automated driving on manual driving performance implies that the after-effects were close to negligible. Observational data indicate that, with exposure, a majority of the participants started to engage in non-driving related activities to some extent, but it is unclear how the activities influenced the take-over performance. Conclusion: The results indicate that drivers need repeated exposure to take-overs to be able to fully resume manual control with ease. Application: Take-over signals (e.g., visuals, sounds, and haptics) should be carefully designed to avoid startle effects and the human-machine interface should provide clear guidance on the required take-over actions.
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