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- Johansson, Daniel, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Multi - model analyses of the economic and energy implications for China and India in a post-Kyoto climate regime
- 2012
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a modeling comparison project on how the2°C climate target could affect economic and energy systems development in China and India. The analysis uses a framework that harmonizes baseline developments and soft-links seven national and global models being either economy wide (CGE models) or energy system models. The analysis is based on a global greenhouse gas emission pathway that aims at a radiative forcing of 2.9 W/m2 in 2100 and with a policy regime based on convergence of per capita CO2 emissions with emissions trading. Economic and energy implications for China and India vary across models. Decreased energy intensity is the most important abatement approach in the CGE models, while decreased carbon intensity is most important in the energy system models. Reliance on Coal without Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is significantly reduced in most models, while CCS is a central abatement technology in energy system models, as is renewable and nuclear energy. Concerning economic impacts China bears in general a higher cost than India, as China benefits less from emissions trading. Costs are also affected by changes in fossil fuel prices, currency appreciation from capital inflow from carbon trading and timing of emission reductions.
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- Johansson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Is effect of (S;S)-formoterol due to contamination of (R;R)-formoterol?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Formoterol is a long acting selective ß2-adrenoceptor (ß2-AR) agonist of the so-called third generation of ß-adrenoceptor agonists. lt also has an onset action comparable to most short acting ß2-AR agonists. Formoterol has two chiral centres making four enantiomers possible. In this study we have examined (R;R)- and (S;S)-formoterol relaxing effect on guinea pig tracheal ring preparations, affinity to human ß2-AR in transfected COS-7 cells and the ability to influence pigment movement in frog melanophores with stable expression of human ß2AR. We also compared single concentration curves versus cumulative concentration curves on guinea pig tracheal preparations. In all three systems the (R;R)-formoterol is the most potent ß2AR agonist compered to (S;S)-formoterol with eudismic ratios ranging from 11 to 75. We also measure and theoretically calculated the effect of (S;S)-formoterol. VVhen the contamination of (R;R)-formoterol was subtracted the (S;S)-formoterol had effect, although approximately 72 times less then (R;R)-formoterol. We conclude that (R;R)-formoterol is the most potent ß2-AR agonist in three different systems and that (S;S)-formoterol posses an ß2-AR effect. We also show that cumulative concentration curves have higher EC50 values compered to single concentration curves and that this might be a consequence of recaptor desensitisation.
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