| 1. |
- Arvidsson, Rickard, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Potential improvements of the life cycle environmental impacts of a Li/S battery cell
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The lithium sulfur (Li/S) battery is a promising battery chemistry for two reasons: it requires no scarce metals apart from the lithium itself and it brings the promise of high specific energy density at the cell level. However, the environmental impacts of this battery type remain largely unstudied. In this study, we conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the production of an Li/S cell to calculate these impacts. The anode consists of a lithium foil and the cathode consists of a carbon/sulfur composite. The electrolyte is a mixture of dioxalane, dimethoxyethane, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium nitrate. The current collector for the cathode is an aluminium foil and a tri-layer membrane of polypropylene and polyethylene acts as separator. The functional unit of the study is 1 kWh specific energy storage. Three key environmental impacts were considered: energy use, climate change and lithium requirement. In our baseline scenario, we consider the pilot-scale production of a battery with a specific energy of 300 kWh/kg, having the mesoporous material CMK-3 as carbon material in the carbon/sulfur cathode, and using coal power and natural gas heat as energy sources. This scenario results in an energy use of 580 kWh/kWhstored and a climate change impact of 230 kg CO2eq/kWhstored. The main contributor to energy use is the LiTFSI production and the main contributor to climate change is electricity use during cell production. We then model a number of possible improvements sequentially: (1) reduction of cell production electricity requirement due to production at industrial-scale, (2) sourcing of electricity and heat from renewable instead of fossil sources (i.e. solar power and biogas heat), (3) improvement of the specific energy of the Li/S cell to 500 kWh/kg and (4) a shift of the carbon material in the cathode to carbon black (without considering changes in performance). By implementing all these four improvements, energy use and climate change impact can be reduced by an impressive 54 and 93%, respectively. In particular, the improvements related to industrial-scale production and sourcing of renewable energy are considerable, whereas the shift of carbon material is of minor importance. For climate change, the best-case result of 17 kg CO2eq/kWhstored is similar to the best-case results reported in the scientific literature for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Regarding lithium requirement, the lithium metal requirement of Li/S batteries and LIBs are also of similar magnitude (0.33-0.55 kg/kWhstored and 0.2 kg/kWhstored, respectively). Using different allocation approaches did not alter the main conclusions of the study.
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| 2. |
- Wickerts, Sanna, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Energy storage with less metal scarcity? Prospective life cycle assessment of lithium-sulfur batteries with a focus on mineral resources.
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to reduce the global dependency on fossil fuels by adopting renewable energy technologies and advancing electromobility, batteries are a key technology. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently the dominant rechargeable battery technology, mainly due to their high energy density. However, most LIBs contain a number of geochemically scarce metals, e.g.cobalt, lithium and nickel. The production of LIBs is furthermore associated with considerable environmental impacts. Battery researchers and companies therefore try to develop the next generation batteries (NGBs) with the same or even higher energy densities than LIBs, while requiring less of scarce metals and causing lower environmental impacts. One promising NGB technology is the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery, with a potential to significantly improve energy density as compared to current state-of-the-art LIBs. Although Li-S batteries still face a number of scientific and technical challenges, they have a significant advantage over LIBs from a resource point of view: the cells do not require any scarce metals besides lithium. Using prospective life cycle assessment, we will assess the life-cycle environmental impacts of Li-S batteries and compare them to those of LIBs, both modeled at large-scale production. In order to investigate the effect of using less scarce metals on resource impacts, the mineral resource impact category will be given extra attention. We will therefore include a range of mineral resource impact assessment methods, e.g. the abiotic depletion indicator, the surplus ore indicator, and the recently developed crustal scarcity indicator, which takes an explicit long-term perspective on elemental resources in the Earth’s crust. The overall aim is thus to compare the prospective life-cycle impacts of this particular NGB to those of LIBs, with a focus on mineral resources.
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| 3. |
- Wickerts, Sanna, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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How environmentally friendly are batteries with no rare or critical materials?
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rechargeable batteries are increasingly used in a number of applications, such as consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage. An increased use in the latter two applications is envisioned to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.However, the dominant rechargeable battery technology – the lithium-ion battery (LIB) – impacts the environment in several ways throughout its life cycle. In addition, LIBs require critical and/or geochemically scarce materials, such as lithium, natural graphite, and sometimes nickel and cobalt. One promising next generation battery (NGB) is the sodium-ion battery (SIB). While other NGBs can provide higher energy densities, the SIB technology holds great promise from a resource point of view, since it can be made to contain mostly low-cost, abundant and readily available elements, such as sodium and iron. In addition, the manufacturing processes and equipment developed for LIBs can in principle be re-used, enabling convenient scale-up of production. We here assess the life-cycle impacts of a specific SIB with a low content of scarce metals using prospective life cycle assessment (LCA). The SIB is assumed to be a mature technology produced at large scale and this we accomplish by using data from a small-scale producer and scale these up using available large-scale factory data for LIB production. We use a functional unit of 1 kWh of installed battery cell storage capacity and focus on climate and mineral resource impacts, since those have been highlighted in several publications and guidance documents as particularly important to address in LCAs of batteries. Different shares of renewables are considered in energy supply scenarios, along with scenarios for specific energy density developments. The impacts are compared to those of large-scale produced LIBs and to another NGB – the lithium-sulfur battery. To investigate mineral resource impacts of the different technologies in depth, we include two resource impact assessment methods, the crustal scarcity indicator and the surplus ore potential. The aims of the study are (i) to assess the prospective life cycle impacts of the SIB technology in order to reveal whether it is preferable to other battery technologies from an environmental and resource point of view, and (ii) to understand the environmental profile of the SIB in order to identify hotspots.
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| 4. |
- Bismarck, A., et al.
(författare)
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Multifunctional epoxy resin for structural supercapacitors
- 2012
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Ingår i: 15th European Conference on Composite Materials: Composites at Venice, ECCM 2012; Venice; Italy; 24 June 2012 through 28 June 2012. - 9788888785332
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymer-based electrolytes based on commercially available epoxy resins were prepared through the addition of a liquid electrolyte, a solution of a lithium salt in an ionic liquid. The polymer monoliths were characterized using impedance spectroscopy, 3-point bending test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The balance of ionic conductivity and flexural modulus is crucially dependent on the relative proportions of epoxy resin to electrolyte. Also the effect of the liquid electrolyte on curing kinetics and processing was assessed by complex viscosity measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only one out of the three resins investigated exhibited a significant acceleration effect.
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Patrik, 1969, et al.
(författare)
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EUROLIS - European lithium sulphur cells for automotive applications
- 2014
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Ingår i: 2013 World Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition, EVS 2014. ; , s. Art. no. 6914915-
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- EUROLIS is a European project started in October 2012 aimed at sustainable and advanced lithium sulphur (Li-S) batteries for automotive use with highly improved energy densities compared to today's Li-ion (LiB) technology. The combination of the promises of a Li-S battery based energy storage and the inexpensive and abundant materials used in the concept makes this research strategically valuable for Europe. Here we outline the basics of the Li-S battery concept, the main goals of EUROLiS and the partners involved, and how we aim to achieve the main goals.
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| 9. |
- Karlsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING MONITORING AND REMOTE CONTROL EQUIPMENT IN AN URBAN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a strategy of where and how to install and implement communication and remote control systems in the distribution network, with respect to lowering customer interruption cost and reliability indices. The aim is to evaluate and update customer restoration time based on the proposed level of automation in the system. Three different automation levels are considered: 1) ordinary secondary substation, that is not connected to the SCADA/DMS system; 2) monitored secondary substation that sends certain information to SCADA/DMS system; 3) monitored secondary substation with the addition of remotely controlled switching device. The developed strategy has been tested on three different models: 1) reference test system; 2) real feeder network; 3) small grid. Based on the results and the developed framework, the best strategy for implementing monitoring and remote control equipment is presented in the paper. It has been shown that the design of the system affects the results and the strategy. Moreover, secondary substations in models are highly dependent on each other’s configuration and level of automation.
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