| 1. |
- Bjernestedt, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Pupil dilation reflects interference during memory retrieval
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate that pupillometry can be used to track memory interference independent of explicit responses. Pupil diameter was recordedthroughout encoding and retrieval of words from the same category over 4 trials, causing buildup of proactive interference (PI). In a contrastingcondition, the category was switched on the 4th trial, causing release from interference (RI). Pupil dilation systematically increased for bothconditions as interference built up and retrieval performance declined. Critically, in trial 4 the RI condition resulted in improved retrievalperformance, with significantly smaller pupil dilation than in the PI condition, where performance continued to decline. Principal component analysisrevealed an early dilation peak possibly related to control of interference, and a later component possibly linked to memory search.
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| 2. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Gaze position enhances memory accessibility during competitive memory retrieval
- 2016
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- While previous research has demonstrated that gaze position can increase the accessibility of previous memories (Johansson & Johansson, 2014), the present study tested whether such gazes can assist in selecting target memories at the expense of competing memories. An adapted retrieval practice paradigm was used, where participants engaged in repeated selective retrieval while looking at locations that either overlapped with the target memory’s encoding location or with a competitor’s encoding location. Encoding-retrieval overlap in gaze positions resulted in reduced activation of competitors, as evidenced by the elimination of retrieval induced forgetting for non-practiced items in the succeeding test phase. Corroborating evidence from pupil size measures indicate that overlapping gaze positions during retrieval practice reduce the need for inhibitory control mechanisms.
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| 3. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Neurocognitive bases for the functional role of gaze direction during episodic memory retrieval
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has established that when engaged in episodic memory retrieval, people frequently look at locations associated with the sought-after memory trace, even if those locations no longer contain any information. While it has been further demonstrated that gaze positions showing compatibility between encoding and retrieval increase the likelihood of successful remembering (Johansson & Johansson, 2014), virtually nothing is known about the neurocognitive bases subserving this “looking at nothing” effect. The present study combined electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking to investigate oscillatory brain activity for 30 participants who retrieved information from a previously encoded spatial arrangement of objects. Critically, participants were directed to fixate on a location of a blank screen, where the location was either congruent or incongruent with the original encoding location of the to-be-retrieved object. The results replicate previous findings, by showing superior episodic memory performance when looking at a congruent location, and further demonstrate that this facilitatory effect of gaze direction is associated with increased cortical desynchronization in the alpha/beta-band. Such desynchronization of oscillatory power in the alpha/beta band is considered to reflect successful encoding and retrieval of an episodes’ sensory information (e.g., Hanslmayr, Staresina, & Bowman, 2016). Gaze direction showing compatibility between encoding and retrieval would thus increase the specificity of neural reactivation and ultimately increase the likelihood of successful remembering. To our knowledge, this is the first causal evidence that gaze direction is functionally relevant for cortical reconstruction during episodic remembering.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Pupil dilation tracks the dynamics of mnemonic interference resolution
- 2018
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mnemonic interference refers to the inability to retrieve a goal-relevant memory due to interference from goal-irrelevant memories. Understanding the causes of such interference and how it is overcome has been a central goal in the science of memory for more than a century. Here, we shed new light on this fundamental issue by tracking participants’ pupil response when they encode and retrieve memories in the face of competing goal-irrelevant memories. We show that pupil dilation systematically increased in accordance with interference from competing memory traces when participants retrieved previously learned information. Moreover, our results dissociate two main components in the pupillary response signal: an early component, which peaked in a time window where the pupillary waveform on average had its maximum peak, and a late component, which peaked towards the end of the retrieval task. We provide evidence that the early component is specifically modulated by the cognitive effort needed to handle interference from competing memory traces whereas the late component reflects general task engagement. This is the first demonstration that mnemonic interference resolution can be tracked online in the pupil signal and offers novel insight into the underlying dynamics.
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| 6. |
- Johansson, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Scanpath components reveal how eye movement reinstatements differentially contribute to episodic remembering
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An extensive body of research has shown that episodic remembering involves spontaneous eye movements that largely reproduce the gaze patterns that were present during encoding (e.g., Brandt & Stark, 1997; Johansson et al., 2012). Recent work has further shown that fixation locations that overlap between encoding and recall promote cortical episodic reconstruction (Bone et al., 2018; Johansson et al., 2018) and successful remembering (Johansson & Johansson, 2014). While such findings indicate that gaze location plays an active role during episodic reconstruction, the unfolding scanpaths also encompass more complex information over and above simple gaze locations, such as order, direction, shape, length and duration. Virtually nothing is known about how such spatio-temporal components contribute to episodic reconstruction. The present study investigated the encoding-retrieval overlap in scanpaths for 60 participants who encoded and recalled 36 visuospatial stimuli of two types: scenes and object arrangements. Results replicate and extend previous findings, by analyzing scanpath reinstatement over a multitude of spatio-temporal components. Critically, by combining subjective ratings of memory quality with a surprise test of forced-choice recognition, we demonstrate how such components contribute to successful remembering to different extents, and in different ways depending on the stimulus type. Results indicate that scanpath shape contributes to reconstructing the global scene structure whereas scanpath position, order and direction contribute to reconstructing the arrangement of individual objects in a spatial context. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic demonstration of how eye movement reinstatements contribute to episodic remembering in a multifaceted way.
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| 10. |
- Johansson, Victoria, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Looking on and away from the word currently being typed in expository text writing
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual feedback from the writer’s own emerging text is generally assumed to be an important component in the process of writing. For instance, in Hayes’ (1996) model it is considered to be critically involved in the subprocesses of monitoring and revision. Despite this, few empirical investigations have actually addressed this issue and in contrast to general expectations contemporary research by Oxborough and Torrance (2012) suggests that visual feedback from the text may in fact not be essential for the production of coherent texts. However, research (e.g. Johansson et al 2010) shows that writers indeed monitor their texts during writing, and that there is a relation between editing behavior and the amount of time spent looking at the text. One question is which role the visual input has for the writer, since it is does not seem to be necessary for text production, in other words: what do the writer do when she look at the text during writing. Visual feedback from an emerging text can roughly be divided into two categories of gaze behavior: fixations concurrent with keyboard typing and fixations during pauses (when no keys are struck). The current study focuses on the former and used a combination of eye-tracking and keystroke logging to collect data for 14 relatively automatized touch typists when they wrote an expository text for 30 minutes. Collapsed over all participants, this rendered 26 349 instances where a keystroke occurred concurrent with a fixation on the emerging text. Of those keystrokes 18 450 belonged to text production and 4188 to text deletions (e.g. backspaces). On average, 87 % of the text production keystrokes were performed with fixations on the word currently being typed and with a mean location of 6 characters to the left of the inscription point. For the deletion keystrokes, corresponding measures were 68 % and 6 characters to the left of the inscription point. This means that the remaining keystrokes (13 % during text production and 32 % during deletions) occurred together with more distant fixations on previous text segments. While it has been argued that fixations on the word currently being typed are related to monitoring and error correction (Torrance & Wengelin, 2010) very little is known about the role of fixations away from the word currently being typed, and even less whether the visual feedback they provide are useful at all. Qualitative explorations of those instances in the present dataset suggest that they are indeed useful and frequently appear to be associated with referential cuing and content generation.
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