| 1. |
- Liu, Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Regulation of Humoral Immune Responses and B Cell Tolerance by the IgM Fc Receptor (FcμR)
- 2020
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Ingår i: B Cells In Immunity And Tolerance. - Singapore : Springer. - 9789811535321 - 9789811535314 ; , s. 75-86
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunoglobulin (Ig) M is the first antibody isotype produced during an immune response and is critical for host defense against infections. Recent studies have revealed that IgM also plays an important role in immune regulation and immunological tolerance. Mice lacking secretory IgM not only exhibit impaired production of antigen-specific IgG and are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, but also produce autoantibodies and are prone to develop autoimmune diseases. For many years, IgM has been thought to function predominantly by binding to antigen and activating complement (C') system. It is now clear that IgM can also elicit its function through the IgM Fc receptor (Fc mu R). In this chapter, we will review the role of Fc mu R in B cell development, maturation, survival and activation, antibody production, host defense against bacterial and viral infections, and B cell tolerance. We will also discuss the relative contribution of IgM-C' and IgM-Fc mu R pathways in humoral immune responses. Finally, we will discuss the possible involvement of Fc mu R in human chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
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| 2. |
- Gastaldo, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The Coal Farms of the Late Paleozoic
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Nature Through Time. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer Nature. - 9783030350574 ; , s. 317-343
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The assembly of the supercontinent Pangea resulted in a paleoequatorial region known as Euramerica, a northern mid-to-high latitude region called Angara, and a southern high paleolatitudinal region named Gondwana. Forested peat swamps, extending over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers, grew across this supercontinent during the Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian in response to changes in global climate. The plants that accumulated as peat do not belong to the plant groups prominent across today’s landscapes. Rather, the plant groups of the Late Paleozoic that are responsible for most of the biomass in these swamps belong to the fern and fern allies: club mosses, horsetails, and true ferns. Gymnosperms of various systematic affinity play a subdominant role in these swamps, and these plants were more common outside of wetland settings. It is not until the Permian when these seed-bearing plants become more dominant. Due to tectonic activity associated with assembling the supercontinent, including earthquakes and volcanic ashfall, a number of these forests were buried in their growth positions. These instants in time, often referred to as T0 assemblages, provide insight into the paleoecological relationships that operated therein. Details of T0 localities through the Late Paleozoic demonstrate that the plants, and plant communities, of the coal forests are non-analogs to our modern world. Analysis of changing vegetational patterns from the Mississippian into the Permian documents the response of landscapes to overall changes in Earth Systems under icehouse to hothouse conditions.
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| 3. |
- Gastaldo, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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The Non-analog Vegetation of the Late Paleozoic Icehouse–Hothouse and Their Coal-Forming Forested Environments
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Nature Through Time. - Cham, Switzerland : Springer Nature. - 9783030350574 ; , s. 291-316
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A walk in the Carboniferous-and-Permian woods of the Late Paleozoic, a time known as the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA), would not be a walk in the woods comparable to today’s Holocene forests. The vegetation that colonized and inhabited the landscapes during glacial∗ and interglacial episodes are non-analogs with the world we witness around us. Unlike continents covered in seed-bearing forests, the systematic affinities of the largest trees, and many shrubs, groundcover, vines (lianas), and epiphytes lie with the spore-producing ferns and fern allies. These ferns and fern allies, including the club mosses (lycopsids) and horsetails (sphenopsids), dominated both organic-rich (peat) and mineral-substrate soils from the Mississippian until the latest Pennsylvanian. Even the gymnosperm groups, which commonly grew in mineral-rich soils, are unfamiliar and subdominant components of these landscapes.The extinct pteridosperms and cordaitaleans, and the extant ginkgoalean, cycad, and conifer clades, ultimately diversify and occupy better drained soil conditions that developed in response to global climate change from icehouse∗ to hothouse conditions. Beginning in the latest Pennsylvanian and increasing their dominance in the Permian, seed-producing clades expanded their biogeographic ranges, displacing the former fern and fern-ally giants. This change in diversity occurs during a unique interval in the history of Earth’s biosphere. The LPIA is the only time, other than the Neogene, since the evolution and colonization of terrestrial plants, when the planet experienced prolonged icehouse and greenhouse conditions. Extensive tropical peat swamps, similar in physical properties to current analogs in Southeast Asia, accumulated in coastal plain lowlands. These forests extended over thousands of square kilometers during periods when global sea level was low in response to the development of extensive Gondwanan glaciation at the southern pole. When these ice sheets melted and sea-level rose, the tropical coastal lowlands were inundated with marine waters and covered by nearshore to offshore ocean sediments. The waxing and waning of glacial ice was influenced by short- and long-term changes in global climate that were, in turn, controlled by extraterrestrial orbital factors. As the LPIA came to a close, a new forested landscape appeared, more familiar but, still, distant.
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| 4. |
- Guo, Xiong, et al.
(författare)
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Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD)
- 2017
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Ingår i: Endemic disease in China. - Beijing : People's Medical Publishing House. - 9787117247139 ; , s. 150-211
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Song, Yuxin, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Dilute Bismides for Mid-IR Applications
- 2013
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Ingår i: Springer Series in Materials Science. - New York, NY : Springer New York. - 2196-2812 .- 0933-033X. - 9781461481218 ; , s. 1-27
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dilute bismides are a group of emerging materials with unique properties. Incorporation of a small amount of Bi in common III–V host materials results in large band-gap reduction and strong spin-orbit splitting, leading to potential applications in mid-infrared (Mid-IR) optoelectronics. In this chapter, we review recent progresses on epitaxy and characterizations of novel bismides, i.e., GaSb1−x Bi x , InSb1 − x Bi x , InAs1 − x Bi x , and InAsSbBi. Although these dilute bismides have been successfully grown, to obtain high Bi incorporations and retain high crystal quality is still very challenging.
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| 6. |
- Wang, Jun, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Electrode array probes of exocytosis at single-cell membranes and exocytosis measurements at cell biomimetic systems
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nanoelectrochemistry. - : CRC Press. - 9781466561229 ; , s. 513-536
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Membrane fusion involves the merging of two phospholipid bilayers in an aqueous environment and is involved in many cellular processes, such as cell exocytosis. Synaptic vesicles are nanometer-sized organelles, which are packaged with chemical messengers (e.g., neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and neuropeptides). Each presynaptic nerve terminal contains hundreds of synaptic vesicles. When an action potential depolarizes the presynaptic plasma membrane, Ca2+ channels open, and Ca2+ flows into the nerve terminal to trigger the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, thereby vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane of a cell, fuse, and release their contents into the extracellular space. These messengers can then bind to receptors on a target cell, thus inducing a cascade of signaling events in a complex network (Figure 14.1). Until now, several types of neurotransmitters, such as amino acids, monoamines, and peptides, have been found, but their function in the brain is not always clear. Exocytotic events occur on a millisecond timescale with transmitter release proportions varying from zepto- to femtomole amounts per vesicle, making them experimentally challenging to monitor. Several different kinds of bioanalytical techniques have been developed to measure chemical messengers in the extracellular fluid following exocytosis from tissue in vivo and to measure individual exocytotic events at single cells under in vitro experimental conditions with biological or artificial models.
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