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- Jansson, C, et al.
(författare)
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Relation between gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and socioeconomic factors : a population-based study (the HUNT Study)
- 2007
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Ingår i: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1542-3565 .- 1542-7714. ; 5:9, s. 1029-1034
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gastroesophageal reflux constitutes a major public health problem in the Western world. Few population-based studies have addressed socioeconomic factors in relation to reflux. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study based on 2 health surveys performed in the Norwegian county of Nord-Trondelag in 1984-1986 and 1995-1997, respectively. Reflux was assessed in the second survey, comprising 65,333 participants representing 70% of the county's adult population. Among 58,596 persons responding to questions regarding reflux symptoms, 3153 persons reporting severe symptoms represented the cases, and 40,210 persons without symptoms represented the controls. Data collected in questionnaires included socioeconomic status (SES) based on occupation, education, and material deprivation; family situation; and potential confounders. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from unconditional logistic regression in crude models and models adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and body mass. RESULTS: The risk of reflux increased with decreasing levels of SES based on occupation, education, and material deprivation. Increased risks of reflux were seen among unskilled laborers (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-2.0), skilled laborers (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7), and self-employed and farmers (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6). A 1.9-fold (95% CI, 1.7-2.2) increased risk of reflux was observed among persons with low education, compared with highly educated persons. Reflux was more common among materially deprived persons (OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.9-4.1). The results were similar in crude and adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: This large population-based study reveals a link between low SES and reflux symptoms that is not explained by the known risk factors of smoking or obesity. This finding deserves further research.
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- Nordenstedt, H, et al.
(författare)
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The relation between gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory symptoms in a population-based study : the Nord-Tröndelag health survey
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-3692 .- 1931-3543. ; 129:4, s. 1051-1056
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In spite of numerous investigations, the relation between respiratory symptoms and reflux symptoms in the general population remains unclear, since population-based studies are few. Study objectives To investigate the relation between respiratory symptoms and reflux symptoms in the population. Subject and methods In a cohort of 65,363 individuals representing 71.2% of the adult population in the Norwegian county of Nord-Trøndelag, 58,596 individuals (89.6%) responded to questions concerning reflux symptoms. The 3,153 persons (5.4%) with severe and recurrent reflux symptoms constituted the case group, and the 40,210 persons (68.6%) without reflux symptoms served as the control group. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) represented relative risks. Potential confounding was tested in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Persons with asthma had reflux to a 60% greater extent than those without asthma after including adjustment for asthma medication (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4 to 1.9). There was a statistically significant dose-response association between breathlessness and reflux symptoms (p for trend < 0.0001), and the OR of severe breathlessness was 12.0 (95% CI, 9.5 to 15.2). Persons with heavy and wheezy breathing, daily cough, daily productive cough, or chronic cough showed a twofold to threefold statistically significant increase in risk of reflux symptoms. Adjustment for asthma or use of asthma medication did not substantially influence the risk estimates for any of the studied respiratory disorders. Conclusions Reflux symptoms commonly coexist with asthma and other respiratory symptoms on a population-based level, seemingly irrespective of asthma medication.
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