| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Xu, An.Jun, et al.
(författare)
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Recycling of EAF dust by smelting in the electric arc furnace and its influences on the EAF operation and dust generation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. - 1006-706X .- 2210-3988. ; 17:Suppl. 2, s. 132-141
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The 2(nd) campaign for recycling electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) has been carried out at Uddeholms AB (early as Uddeholm Tooling AB). Studies examining the effects of EAFD smelting on parameters related to EAF products, energy consumption and EAFD generation have been performed jointly by Uddeholms AB and MiMeR, Minerals and Metals Recycling Research Center, at Lulea University of Technology. 114 tonnes of EAFD were smelted in 121 EAF heats during the campaign. Dust samples were taken isokinetically from the exhaust gas system during the charger processing. Data of Zn contents in the dust samples were combined with other results to examine the influence of EAF operating conditions and EAFD recycling on Zn evaporation. Via EAFD recycling, Zn content in dust increased from 21.5% to 29.7% and the quantity of dust decreased by more than 40%. There were hardly any negative impact noted during the campaign on the furnace energy consumption and properties of steel and slag tapped from the EAF, while the recycled EAFD was amounted to around 2% of the steel weight
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| 4. |
- Yang, Qixing, et al.
(författare)
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Briquette Smelting in Electric Arc Furnace to Recycle Wastes from Stainless Steel Production
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Iron and Steel Research International. - 1006-706X .- 2210-3988. ; 22:Suppl. 1, s. 10-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wastes from stainless steel production were briquetted together with carbon for smelt-reduction in the electric arc furnace, EAF, to achieve an internal recycling. A laboratory induction furnace was used to simulate the EAF. With a close simulation of the smelting, disintegration of the briquettes heated under load and recovery of metals from briquettes melted together with stainless steel and slag former were investigated. The influences of test conditions on carbon reduction of oxides in the briquettes were also examined. The briquettes endured heating at 1 186 °C under load of 3.5 kg and could be charged to the melt in small quantity without causing serious splashing. For a high metal recovery, it was necessary to charge the briquettes together with slag former. Small local zones of smelt-reduction with high carbon concentration could thus be formed during the charger heating. Silicon content in the metal near to the briquettes should be minimised to achieve a high degree of carbon reduction. Based on results obtained from this study, suggestions were made on smooth operations of smelt-reduction of the briquettes by using EAF or induction furnace with large scales.
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| 5. |
- Zhang, Shuangshuang, et al.
(författare)
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Narrow-gap, semiconducting, superhard amorphous carbon with high toughness, derived from C60 fullerene
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cell Reports Physical Science. - : Elsevier. - 2666-3864. ; 2:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New carbon forms that exhibit extraordinary physicochemical properties can be generated from nanostructured precursors under extreme pressure. Nevertheless, synthesis of such fascinating materials is often not well understood. That is the case of the C60 precursor, with irreproducible results that impede further progress in the materials design. Here, the semiconducting amorphous carbon, having band gaps of 0.1–0.3 eV and the advantages of isotropic superhardness and superior toughness over single-crystal diamond and inorganic glasses, is produced from fullerene at high pressure and moderate temperatures. A systematic investigation of the structure and bonding evolution is carried out with complementary characterization methods, which helps to build a model of the transformation that can be used in further high-pressure/high-temperature (high p,T) synthesis of novel nano-carbon systems for advanced applications. The amorphous carbon materials produced have the potential of accomplishing the demanding optoelectronic applications that diamond and graphene cannot achieve.
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| 6. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Yang, Qixing, et al.
(författare)
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Dissolution behavior of fluorine in AOD slag from the production of stainless steel after treatment for volume stabilization
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scanmet IV. - Luleå : MEFOS. - 9789163708596 ; , s. 517-526
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The slag tapped from AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization) converter disintegrates, sometimes, during cooling. Slag fines from the disintegration are difficult to handle and to use as materials for construction purposes. In our early research work, AOD slag samples were modified by agents containing B or P elements. Different slag cooling procedures were also used, including cooling inside crucibles after re-melting and granulation by water and gas. By the modification, the slag samples gained the volume stability and mechanical properties required for its utilization as construction materials.Different types of stainless steel slag from Outokumpu Stainless Company have been used to manufacture environmentally sound and ce-marked construction products. Fluorine leaching from some of the AOD slag samples were investigated. In some other steelmaking processes, such as hot metal pretreatment, secondary steel refining and the production of high alloyed steels, fluorite can be charged as a slag forming agent, with some F and CaF2 existing in the slag. When these slags are reused as road construction or landfill materials, a potential fluorine contamination to the ground water may occur.The present research work is carried out regarding both the volume stability and F-immobilization for AOD slag samples. The studied slag samples consist of new ones from plant gas granulation tests and some old ones from our early studies. Compositions and cooling conditions are selected as main parameters for slag tests using laboratory equipment. Samples from the plant and laboratory slag tests are characterized by XRD, SEM and leaching with EN12457-2/3. Formations of mineral phases for F-immobilization in the slag samples are also predict using FACTSAGE program.Results from the present study indicate that the chemical composition and cooling condition for a slag are the two important parameters to control F leaching. These two parameters should be considered together in an optimum way to treat the slag for fluorine immobilization.It may be possible, based on the results obtained, to develop some environmental friendly and cost effective methods for the stainless steel industry to treat the AOD slag. Some slag products with high volume stability and minimum F-dissolution may thus be obtained to use as construction materials for saving valuable natural resources.
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| 9. |
- Yang, Qixing, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory treatments of EAF slag for its use in construction
- 2013
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials Research. - 1022-6680 .- 1662-8985. ; 726-731, s. 2921-2930
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Laboratory treatments of a plant EAF slag sample 71686 were conducted using stabilizers containing P2O5 and air granulation. The results show that it is necessary to add the stabilizers to increase contents of P2O5 from 0.39% to 0.7% for the slag stabilization. By a fast air cooling, most of the granules from the granulation are spherical, with a low internal porosity and dense structure. Content of Fe2O3 in the granules increased from 7.92% to 18.4% and FeO decreased from 14.3% to 7.8%, due to an oxidation during the slag granulation. Contents of metal elements, As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Pb, Ni and Zn, in the leachates from the treated slag samples were lower than the limit values for leaching from inert wastes pursuant to Directive 1999/31/EC. The slag samples after the treatments may then be regarded as environmentally friendly to use in construction
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| 10. |
- Yang, Qixing, et al.
(författare)
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Plant treatments of EAF slag for its use as construction materials
- 2013
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials Research. - 1022-6680 .- 1662-8985. ; 750-752, s. 1244-1253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the steel plant of Höganäs Sweden AB, different steel grades were produced using an Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). The slag tapped by the EAF often disintegrated during cooling. Slag fines from the disintegration are difficult to handle and to use as materials in construction. The plant tests of EAF slag treatments using stabilizer MCP-F of high P2O5 content were thus conducted, with 1st and 2nd campaign adding 10 and 20 kg MCP-F/ton slag, respectively. The MCP-F addition in slag pots and other test operations were carried out smoothly, without impacting the EAF steel production. Rates P2O5 recovery in the EAF slag were lower in some test heats. Studies may thus be carried out in future to increase the P2O5 recovery from MCP-F, hence, achieving a higher efficiency of stabilization treatments for the slag from the EAF plant.
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