| 1. |
- Velander, Lovisa, et al.
(författare)
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Rabies Vaccination in Dogs in Laos: Owner Knowledge and Serological Status of Dogs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Pathogens. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-0817. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rabies is an infectious disease which is virtually 100% fatal. Humans are most often infected through the bite of an infected dog, and most cases could be prevented by vaccinating dogs. However, vaccination coverage is insufficient in most countries where canine rabies occurs endemically. This study conducted interviews and sampling of dogs in Laos to understand more about the barriers for vaccination and to evaluate the antibody status of dogs using a commercial ELISA. The study found that only 62% out of 359 dog owners knew what rabies was, and only 24% knew the disease could be fatal. Higher education was associated with higher knowledge scores. Only 56 out of 437 (13%) dogs had been rabies vaccinated according to their owner, and out of these dogs, only 34 (61%) had antibodies, and only 48% had adequate levels (above 0.5 IU/mL). However, 24% of the dogs with no known history of vaccination had antibodies, indicating either exposure or vaccination in the past without the owner's awareness. In conclusion, this study indicates that there is a low level of knowledge about rabies, and that owner knowledge is not a good indicator of whether a dog is vaccinated or not.
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| 2. |
- Kumar Dey, Tushar, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci from the Dairy Value Chain in Two Indian States
- 2023
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Ingår i: Pathogens. - : MDPI. - 2076-0817. ; 12:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bovine milk and milk products may contain pathogens, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and antibiotic residues that could harm consumers. We analyzed 282 gram-positive isolates from milk samples from dairy farmers and vendors in Haryana and Assam, India, to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci using microbiological tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and genotyping by PCR. The prevalence of genotypic methicillin resistance in isolates from raw milk samples was 5% [95% confidence interval, CI (3-8)], with 7% [CI (3-10)] in Haryana, in contrast to 2% [CI (0.2-6)] in Assam. The prevalence was the same in isolates from milk samples collected from farmers [5% (n = 6), CI (2-11)] and vendors [5% (n = 7), CI (2-10)]. Methicillin resistance was also observed in 15% of the isolates from pasteurized milk [(n = 3), CI (3-38)]. Two staphylococci harboring a novel mecC gene were identified for the first time in Indian dairy products. The only SCCmec type identified was Type V. The staphylococci with the mecA (n = 11) gene in raw milk were commonly resistant to oxacillin [92%, CI (59-100)] and cefoxitin [74%, CI (39-94)], while the isolates with mecC (n = 2) were resistant to oxacillin (100%) only. All the staphylococci with the mecA (n = 3) gene in pasteurized milk were resistant to both oxacillin and cefoxitin. Our results provided evidence that methicillin-resistant staphylococci occur in dairy products in India with potential public health implications. The state with more intensive dairy systems (Haryana) had higher levels of methicillin-resistant bacteria in milk.
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| 3. |
- Kemboi, David Chebutia, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in Dairy Cattle and Poultry Feeds and Feed Ingredients from Machakos Town, Kenya
- 2020
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Ingår i: Toxins. - : MDPI. - 2072-6651. ; 12:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mycotoxins are common in grains in sub-Saharan Africa and negatively impact human and animal health and production. This study assessed occurrences of mycotoxins, some plant, and bacterial metabolites in 16 dairy and 27 poultry feeds, and 24 feed ingredients from Machakos town, Kenya, in February and August 2019. We analyzed the samples using a validated multi-toxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. A total of 153 mycotoxins, plant, and bacterial toxins, were detected in the samples. All the samples were co-contaminated with 21 to 116 different mycotoxins and/or metabolites. The commonly occurring and EU regulated mycotoxins reported were; aflatoxins (AFs) (70%; range 0.2-318.5 mu g/kg), deoxynivalenol (82%; range 22.2-1037 mu g/kg), ergot alkaloids (70%; range 0.4-285.7 mu g/kg), fumonisins (90%; range 32.4-14,346 mu g/kg), HT-2 toxin (3%; range 11.9-13.8 mu g/kg), ochratoxin A (24%; range 1.1-24.3 mu g/kg), T-2 toxin (4%; range 2.7-5.2 mu g/kg) and zearalenone (94%; range 0.3-910.4 mu g/kg). Other unregulated emerging mycotoxins and metabolites including Alternaria toxins, Aspergillus toxins, bacterial metabolites, cytochalasins, depsipeptides, Fusarium metabolites, metabolites from other fungi, Penicillium toxins, phytoestrogens, plant metabolites, and unspecific metabolites were also detected at varying levels. Except for total AFs, where the average contamination level was above the EU regulatory limit, all the other mycotoxins detected had average contamination levels below the limits. Ninety-six percent of all the samples were contaminated with more than one of the EU regulated mycotoxins. These co-occurrences may cause synergistic and additive health effects thereby hindering the growth of the Kenyan livestock sector.
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| 4. |
- Kuboka, Maureen, et al.
(författare)
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AFM1 Secretion and Efficacy of Novasilâ„¢ Clay in Kenyan Dairy Cows
- 2022
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Ingår i: DAIRY. - : MDPI. - 2624-862X. ; 3:2, s. 220-232
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk has been widely reported in Kenya, with levels freqently exceeding national and international thresholds. Exposure to aflatoxin increases the risk of hepatic cancers and can also have other negative health impacts in children such as growth impairment and immunosuppression. Anti-mycotoxin agents (AMAs) included in contaminated feeds can greatly reduce the amount of AFM1 released in milk. A 45-day trial was designed to assess secretion of AFM1 in milk from individual cows fed commercial Kenyan dairy feed, as well as the efficacy of Novasil (TM) Plus in reducing the levels. A four-by-four Latin square cross-over design was used for the experiment. Four cows were fed on naturally contaminated with AFB1 feed, with levels ranging from 19 to 47 mu g/kg, and either no binder or inclusion of binder at the rate of 0.6 or 1.2%. Milk samples were collected each day and analyzed for AFM1. The results showed that AFM1 levels in the milk varied between the cows, even when fed similar levels of contaminated feed. On average, inclusion of 0.6% binder into the diet resulted in 34% decline in milk AFM1 levels, while 1.2% binder dose resulted in a decline of 45%. Significant reduction in AFM1 secretion was observed in all experimental units (p < 0.005), though only minimal reduction was recorded in one of the units (Cow 4) compared to the other three. This trial shows novel data on aflatoxin exposure and excretion in Kenyan dairy cows in a field setting where AFB1 level is uncontrolled. We demonstrate significant reduction in AFM1 secretion in milk using AMA, though AFM1 levels were still above the recommended EC standard of 50 LATIN SMALL LETTER ENGg/kg. This study suggests that AMAs alone cannot be relied on to reduce AFM1 in milk to safe levels. Training and good feeding practices are recommended in addition to use of AMAs.
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| 5. |
- Kuboka, Maureen M, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk traded in peri-urban Nairobi, and the effect of boiling and fermentation.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Dairy production in Kenya is important and dominated by small-holder farmers who market their produce through small-scale traders in the informal sector. Method: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of aflatoxin (AFM1) in informally marketed milk in peri-urban Nairobi, Kenya, and to assess knowledge of milk traders on aflatoxins using questionnaires. A total of 96 samples were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, boiling and fermentation experiments were carried out in the laboratory. Results: All samples had AFM1 above the limit of detection (5 ng/kg) (mean of 290.3 ± 663.4 ng/kg). Two-thirds of the samples had AFM1 levels above 50 ng/kg and 7.5% of the samples exceeded 500 ng/kg. Most of the traders had low (69.8%) or medium (30.2%) knowledge. Educated (p = 0.01) and female traders (p= 0.04) were more knowledgeable. Experimentally, fermenting milk to lala (a traditional fermented drink) and yogurt significantly reduced AFM1 levels (p< 0.01) (71.8% reduction in lala after incubation at room temperature for 15 h, and 73.6% reduction in yogurt after incubation at 45ºC for 4h). Boiling had no effect. Conclusion: The study concluded that the prevalence of raw milk with AFM1 was high, while knowledge was low. Fermentation reduced the AFM1 levels.
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| 6. |
- Leahy, Eithne, et al.
(författare)
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Leptospira interrogans Serovar Hardjo Seroprevalence and Farming Practices on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in North Eastern India; Insights Gained from a Cross-Sectional Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Dairy. - : MDPI AG. - 2624-862X. ; 2:2, s. 231-241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of major public health concern in India. Bovines play an important role in maintaining and transmitting this disease and proximity between dairy cows and humans makes the dairy cow-human nexus a transmission route of public health interest, yet one currently under-examined in North Eastern India. We report a cross-sectional survey carried out on small-scale dairy farms in the states of Assam and Bihar in North Eastern India investigating seroprevalence for Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo, the most common pathogenic serovar reported in cattle worldwide. Higher seroprevalence was reported on dairy farms in Bihar 4.5% (95% CI 2.6–7.5%) than in Assam 1.2% (95% CI 0.42–3.6%), but overall seroprevalence levels were low. The study is the first indication of leptospirosis circulating in small-scale dairy farms in these states. To correlate farming practices with zoonotic risk, we combined results from a dairy farmer questionnaire with cow seroprevalence. However, low seroprevalence levels found in this study made the identification of risk factors difficult. Nevertheless, poor farming practices around hygiene and biosecurity on dairy farms have been highlighted. Implementing simple measures could mitigate environmental contamination, and therefore, reduce the risk of Leptospira interrogans, and other zoonoses transmission, at the animal-environment-human interface.
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| 7. |
- Lindahl, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Urban livestock-keeping: Contributions to food and nutrition security
- 2018
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability. - : Elsevier. - 9780128126875 ; , s. 317-321, s. 317-321
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When more and more people live in cities, there is increased need to produce food close to and within cities. The high value of livestock products and the increasing demand from the growing urban middle classes create a niche for urban livestock keeping, which contribute to the food security and the livelihoods of many different value chain actors. This chapter explores the different kinds of urban livestock keeping in low and middle-income countries and provides a view of the dynamics as well as the importance.
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| 8. |
- Malaluang, Pongpreecha, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial Resistance in Equine Reproduction
- 2021
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Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI. - 2076-2615. ; 11:11
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simple SummaryBacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, resulting in the appearance of infections that are difficult or impossible to treat. This ability enables bacteria to survive in hostile environments and can result from exposure to even small amounts of antibiotic substances. Bacteria are present in the reproductive tract of the horse; they can develop resistance to antibiotics, because the animal has been treated for an infection, or due to insemination with a semen dose that contains antibiotics. Bacteria colonize the membrane lining the male reproductive tract and are transferred to the semen during collection. They can cause sperm quality to deteriorate during storage or may cause an infection in the mare. Therefore, antibiotics are added to the semen dose, according to legislation. However, these antibiotics may contribute to the development of resistance. Current recommendations are that antibiotics should only be used to treat bacterial infections and where the sensitivity of the bacterium to the antibiotic has first been established. Therefore, adding antibiotics to semen extenders does not fit these recommendations. In this review, we examine the effects of bacteria in semen and in the inseminated mare, and possible alternatives to their use.Bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics following low-level "background " exposure to antimicrobial agents as well as from exposure at therapeutic levels during treatment for bacterial infections. In this review, we look specifically at antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the equine reproductive tract and its possible origin, focusing particularly on antibiotics in semen extenders used in preparing semen doses for artificial insemination. Our review of the literature indicated that AMR in the equine uterus and vagina were reported worldwide in the last 20 years, in locations as diverse as Europe, India, and the United States. Bacteria colonizing the mucosa of the reproductive tract are transferred to semen during collection; further contamination of the semen may occur during processing, despite strict attention to hygiene at critical control points. These bacteria compete with spermatozoa for nutrients in the semen extender, producing metabolic byproducts and toxins that have a detrimental effect on sperm quality. Potential pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa may occasionally cause fertility issues in inseminated mares. Antibiotics are added during semen processing, according to legislation, to impede the growth of these microorganisms but may have a detrimental effect on sperm quality, depending on the antimicrobial agent and concentration used. However, this addition of antibiotics is counter to current recommendations on the prudent use of antibiotics, which recommend that antibiotics should be used only for therapeutic purposes and after establishing bacterial sensitivity. There is some evidence of resistance among bacteria found in semen samples. Potential alternatives to the addition of antibiotics are considered, especially physical removal separation of spermatozoa from bacteria. Suggestions for further research with colloid centrifugation are provided.
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| 9. |
- Dey, Tushar, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic Residues and Antimicrobial Resistant bacteria in the Poultry Value Chain of Two Indian States
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The poultry industry's rapid expansion has made it a significant global meat source, especially in India, which ranks as the eighth largest broiler meat producer. However, severe concerns have arisen over the increasing antibiotic resistance in low and middle-income countries, including India. This study systematically investigated the prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains, along with their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, in poultry samples from Assam and Karnataka states in India. We found high prevalence of NTS (26%) and E. coli (53%) in various poultry samples, with substantial regional variations. Assam and Karnataka contribute differently to the overall NTS prevalence, with Karnataka bearing the highest burden (39% versus 14%). The presence of NTS and E. coli in treated water intended for watering poultry raises concerns about the effectiveness of water disinfection methods. Serovar analysis highlights the dominance of Typhimurium, Kentucky, Infantis and other serovars, some exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), including resistance to fluoroquinolones. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, including carbapenem-resistant E. coli, presents a potential decline in treatment options. The study highlights the presence of MDR among NTS and stresses the importance of monitoring resistance profiles to devise effective antimicrobial strategies. The study underscores the necessity of collaborative efforts to combat AMR and ensure food safety, health, and wellbeing on a global scale.
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