| 1. |
- Sbarra, AN, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 589:7842, s. 415-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1–4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5–8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
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| 2. |
- Pakpour, Amir H., et al.
(författare)
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Comparing Fear of COVID-19 and Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Between Iranian and Taiwanese Older People : Early Reaction May Be a Key
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study assessed fear of the novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors, and the association between fear of COVID-19 and preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors among older people in Iran and Taiwan. Older people aged over 60 years (n = 144 for Iranians and 139 for Taiwanese) completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and two items on preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors (i.e., hand washing and mouth covering when sneezing). Iranian older people had a significantly higher level of fear of COVID-19 than did Taiwanese older people. Moreover, Iranian older people had significantly lower frequencies of preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors than did Taiwanese older people. Different timings in implementing COVID-19 infection control policies in Iran and Taiwan may explain why Iranian older people had greater fear of COVID-19 and lower preventive COVID-19 infection behaviors than did Taiwanese older people.
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| 3. |
- Liu, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced ductility and strength in a cast Al–Mg alloy with high Mg content
- 2021
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Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cast Al–Mg alloys with high Mg content have attracted considerable interest as a result of exceptionally low mass density and enhanced Mg solid-solution strengthening effect. However, poor ductility in this class of cast Al–Mg alloys originating from the increased amount of brittle Al3Mg2 phase presents a challenge. This work aims to improve ductility of a cast Al-10 wt%Mg alloy by prolonging time and/or increasing temperature during solid-solution treatment, hence minimizing the amount of the Al3Mg2 phase. The amounts of Al3Mg2 decrease and the concentrations of solute Mg increase with prolonging time and/or increasing temperature, improving both ductility and strength. Solid-solution treatment at 425 °C for 9 h or at 438 °C for 3 h induces complete dissolution of the Al3Mg2 phase, achieving an average uniform elongation of ~27% accompanied by an average 0.2% offset yield strength of ~186 MPa. The mechanisms improving both ductility and strength are discussed.
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| 4. |
- Alijanzadeh, M., et al.
(författare)
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Fear of covid-19 and trust in the healthcare system mediates the association between individual’s risk perception and preventive covid-19 behaviours among iranians
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problems caused by the novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and its mutations have brought challenges in pandemic control for all countries worldwide. The present study examines the mediating roles of fear of COVID-19 and trust in the healthcare system in the association between individual’s risk perception and performing preventive COVID-19 behaviours among Iranians. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 3652 residents of Qazvin province in Iran from 3 February to 15 April 2021 using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. Participants responded to an online questionnaire concerning their fear of COVID-19, risk perception, trust in the healthcare system, and preventive COVID-19 behaviours. Small to medium positive interrelationships were observed between the variables of the study. Fear of COVID-19, trust in the healthcare system or both (fear of COVID-19 and trust in the healthcare system) mediated the association between an individual’s risk perception and performing preventive COVID-19 behaviours. The study demonstrated there are at least four ways through which an individual’s risk perception can influence preventive COVID-19 behaviours. Therefore, clinicians, health communicators, and researchers may capitalize on these findings to enhance preventive COVID-19 behaviours to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 infection.
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| 5. |
- Davies, G., et al.
(författare)
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Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- General cognitive function is a prominent and relatively stable human trait that is associated with many important life outcomes. We combine cognitive and genetic data from the CHARGE and COGENT consortia, and UK Biobank (total N = 300,486; age 16-102) and find 148 genome-wide significant independent loci (P < 5 × 10-8) associated with general cognitive function. Within the novel genetic loci are variants associated with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, physical and psychiatric illnesses, and brain structure. Gene-based analyses find 709 genes associated with general cognitive function. Expression levels across the cortex are associated with general cognitive function. Using polygenic scores, up to 4.3% of variance in general cognitive function is predicted in independent samples. We detect significant genetic overlap between general cognitive function, reaction time, and many health variables including eyesight, hypertension, and longevity. In conclusion we identify novel genetic loci and pathways contributing to the heritability of general cognitive function.
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| 6. |
- Ding, X., et al.
(författare)
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A study of the cutting performance of poly-crystalline oxygen free copper with single crystalline diamond micro-tools
- 2012
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Ingår i: Precision engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-6359 .- 1873-2372. ; 36:1, s. 141-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study was carried out to investigate the crystallographic effects on the performance of cutting poly-crystalline oxygen free copper C10200 (OFC) with single crystalline diamond (SCD) micro-tools. At both large cutting depth and cross-feed rate, as the micro-tool traversed a grain with a crystallographic orientation less favorable for a stable machining process, the work material in front of the rake face was found to be severely deformed. This may lead to a reduced shear angle, thick chip, striation at the back of the chip, high cutting forces, degraded machined surface and the possibility of burr formation. The results showed minimal variations in the machined surface integrity and cutting forces compared to cut amorphous NiP plating with micro-tools. For a high cutting depth, burrs were also observed due to material deformation and pile-up occurring at the groove edges since the localized stress probably built up in front of the rake face. Cutting strategies were demonstrated to improve the performance of cutting OFC with micro-tools and to generate high aspect ratio micro-pillar arrays.
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| 7. |
- Fan, C. -W, et al.
(författare)
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Weight Stigma Model on Quality of Life Among Children in Hong Kong : A Cross-Sectional Modeling Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We proposed a model to examine the relationship among different types of weight-related stigmas and their relationship to quality of life (QoL). We recruited 430 dyads of elementary school children [mean age = 10.07 years; nboy = 241 (56.0%); noverweight = 138 (32.1%)] and their parents. Parents completed QoL instruments about their children assessing generic QoL and weight-related QoL. Children completed QoL instruments assessing generic QoL and weight-related QoL and stigma scales assessing experienced weight stigma, weight-related self-stigma, and perceived weight stigma. Experienced weight stigma was significantly associated with perceived weight stigma, and in turn, perceived weight stigma was significantly associated with weight-related self-stigma. However, experienced weight stigma was not directly associated with weight-related self-stigma. In addition, experienced stigma was negatively associated with both child-rated and parent-rated QoL. Perceived weight stigma was associated only with parent-rated weight-related QoL but not child-rated QoL. Self-stigma was associated with child-rated QoL but not parent-rated QoL. Moreover, perceived weight stigma and weight-related self-stigma were significant mediators in the association between body weight and children's QoL; experienced weight stigma was not a significant mediator. The study findings can be used to inform healthcare providers about the relationship among different types of stigmas and their influence on child-rated and parent-rated QoL and help them develop interventions to address the global trend of overweight/obesity in youth and pediatric populations.
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| 8. |
- Johnatty, S. E., et al.
(författare)
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No evidence that GATA3 rs570613 SNP modifies breast cancer risk
- 2009
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Ingår i: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. - : Springer. - 0167-6806 .- 1573-7217. ; 117:2, s. 371-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) is a transcription factor that is crucial to mammary gland morphogenesis and differentiation of progenitor cells, and has been suggested to have a tumor suppressor function. The rs570613 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron 4 of GATA3 was previously found to be associated with a reduction in breast cancer risk in the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility project and in pooled analysis of two case-control studies from Norway and Poland (P trend = 0.004), with some evidence for a stronger association with estrogen receptor (ER) negative tumours [Garcia-Closas M et al. (2007) Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:2269-2275]. We genotyped GATA3 rs570613 in 6,388 cases and 4,995 controls from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) and 5,617 BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA). We found no association between this SNP and breast cancer risk in BCAC cases overall (ORper-allele = 1.00, 95% CI 0.94-1.05), in ER negative BCAC cases (ORper-allele = 1.02, 95% CI 0.91-1.13), in BRCA1 mutation carriers RRper-allele = 0.99, 95% CI 0.90-1.09) or BRCA2 mutation carriers (RRper-allele = 0.93, 95% CI 0.80-1.07). We conclude that there is no evidence that either GATA3 rs570613, or any variant in strong linkage disequilibrium with it, is associated with breast cancer risk in women.
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| 9. |
- Liu, J., et al.
(författare)
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Finite element modeling of a non-isothermal superplastic-like forming process
- 2010
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Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - Paris : AIP. - 0094-243X. ; , s. 377-382
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Conventional superplastic forming (SPF) has been modified to increase the productivity and reduce some of the drawbacks, such as high forming temperature and high percentage thinning, to suit the automotive industries. One of the modifications was to combine between the conventional SPF and the use of a mechanical preformed blank to form the non-superplastic grade aluminum alloy (AA5083-O). The requirement of high temperature usually results in microstructural defects during forming process. In this paper, finite element modeling was adopted to investigate the superplastic-like forming process using the non-isothermal heating system. In the simulation, two phases (mechanical pre-forming and gas blow for ming) of the process were conducted under different temperatures, where the material was mechanically drawn into the die cavity at 200°C in the first phase, and it formed with gas pressure applied at a global temperature increasing from 400°C to 500°C. Because of the non-isothermal heating of material, it was found that it had enough ductility to flow more easily in the specific zones (die corners and radius). Additionally, FEM results showed that a better formed part can be obtained by the increasing temperature forming, compared to the stable temperature phase. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.
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| 10. |
- Liu, J., et al.
(författare)
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Formability in AA5083 and AA6061 alloys for light weight applications
- 2010
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Ingår i: Materials & Design. - : Elsevier BV. - 0261-3069. ; 31:SUPPL. 1, s. S66-S70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With recent development in the automotive and aerospace industries, the lightweight, yet inexpensive aluminum alloys are of great demand in industrial applications. In this paper, considering the limited applications in non-superplastic materials, two typical alloys of AA5083 and AA6061 were investigated and compared during high temperature tensile tests to study their formability. The results of tensile tests and microstructures were shown, which indicated the deformation properties under different conditions. Both alloys exhibited relatively weak strain hardening effects especially at relatively lower strain rates. Furthermore, the highest strain rate sensitivity index (m value) was obtained, and the peak of percent elongation-to-failure also coincided with the ranges of highest m value. The flow stress coupled with the dynamic grain growth was related with the temperatures and strain rates. The grains appeared to be coarser in the deformed samples. Cavitation and recrystallization have also been found as a result of strain rate and temperature. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
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