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- Sun, Xin, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing supply risk of critical materials for clean energy via foreign direct investment
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - : Springer Nature. - 2398-9629. ; 7:5, s. 672-681
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Existing research on the security of the supply of critical materials for clean energy generally aggregates information at the country level, a practice that obscures the extensive role of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the production of critical materials. FDI refers to an ownership stake in a company or project by an overseas investor. Here we establish a database for global mining of lithium, cobalt, nickel and platinum at company level, covering 240 countries and regions. We show that 47% of lithium, 71% of cobalt, 41% of nickel and 34% of platinum mined in 2019 were under FDI. We then explore how FDI may affect supply risks by proposing a supply risk index that allocates production of the critical materials to the country of origin of investors instead of the country where production is located. We present upper and lower bounds of the supply risk index that reflect scenarios where either all investors or only state investors prioritize the home-country demand, respectively. This study presents an approach for assessing the national supply risks of critical materials, considering the geographical allocation of FDI.
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| 3. |
- Zhang, Qinhong, et al.
(författare)
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Returnable packaging management in automotive parts logistics: dedicated mode and shared mode
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273 .- 1873-7579. ; 168, s. 234-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare two different modes, i.e., dedicated mode and shared mode, used in packaging management in automotive parts logistics. In dedicated mode, every parts supplier uses his own packaging; while in shared mode, packages can be shared among the suppliers. For each mode, we calculate the total costs consisting of transportation cost and inventory holding cost, and prove that the total costs, the transportation cost and the inventory holding cost are all smaller under shared mode. We further illustrate the factors that influence the cost savings of shared mode, i.e., the total cost of dedicated mode minus that of shared mode. In particular, the cost savings are proved to be negatively related to the number of package categories, and are positively related to: (1) the demand gap of packages between areas, i.e., sum of the volume difference of every kind of packages that transported in and out of one area; (2) the failed ratio factor of the returned packages, i.e., the ratio of the packages that cannot be returned to the supplier because of broken, pilferage, misplace, etc.; and (3) the time savings of short distance transportation, i.e., the transportation time consumed between areas minus the transportation time within one area. Finally, numerical examples show that the cost savings can be considerable, and the number of package categories is the most important influence factor.
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