| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Huang, C, et al.
(författare)
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The inhomogeneous structure of water at ambient conditions
- 2009
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 106:36, s. 15214-15218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to demonstrate the presence of density fluctuations in ambient water on a physical length-scale of approximate to 1 nm; this is retained with decreasing temperature while the magnitude is enhanced. In contrast, the magnitude of fluctuations in a normal liquid, such as CCl4, exhibits no enhancement with decreasing temperature, as is also the case for water from molecular dynamics simulations under ambient conditions. Based on X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray Raman scattering data we propose that the density difference contrast in SAXS is due to fluctuations between tetrahedral-like and hydrogen-bond distorted structures related to, respectively, low and high density water. We combine our experimental observations to propose a model of water as a temperature-dependent, fluctuating equilibrium between the two types of local structures driven by incommensurate requirements for minimizing enthalpy (strong near-tetrahedral hydrogen-bonds) and maximizing entropy (non-directional H-bonds and disorder). The present results provide experimental evidence that the extreme differences anticipated in the hydrogen-bonding environment in the deeply supercooled regime surprisingly remain in bulk water even at conditions ranging from ambient up to close to the boiling point.
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| 3. |
- Gladh, Jörgen, et al.
(författare)
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X-ray emission spectroscopy and density functional study of CO/Fe(100)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 136:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy studies of the electronic structure of the pre-dissociative alpha(3) phase of CO bound at hollow sites of Fe(100) as well as of the on-top bound species in the high-coverage alpha(1) phase. The analysis is supported by density functional calculations of structures and spectra. The bonding of lying down CO in the hollow site is well described in terms of pi to pi* charge transfer made possible through bonding interaction also at the oxygen in the minority spin-channel. The on-top CO in the mixed, high-coverage alpha(1) phase is found to be tilted due to adsorbate-adsorbate interaction, but still with bonding mainly characteristic of vertical on-top adsorbed CO similar to other transition-metal surfaces.
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| 4. |
- Ljungberg, M. P., et al.
(författare)
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Core-hole-induced dynamical effects in the x-ray emission spectrum of liquid methanol
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 146:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compute the x-ray emission spectrum of liquid methanol, with the dynamical effects that result from the creation of the core hole included in a semiclassical way. Our method closely reproduces a fully quantum mechanical description of the dynamical effects for relevant one-dimensional models of the hydrogen-bonded methanol molecules. For the liquid, we find excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum, including the large isotope effect in the first split peak. The dynamical effects depend sensitively on the initial structure in terms of the local hydrogen-bonding (H-bonding) character: non-donor molecules contribute mainly to the high-energy peak while molecules with a strong donating H-bond contribute to the peak at lower energy. The spectrum thus reflects the initial structure mediated by the dynamical effects that are, however, seen to be crucial in order to reproduce the intensity distribution of the recently measured spectrum.
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| 5. |
- Anniyev, Toyli, et al.
(författare)
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Complementarity between high-energy photoelectron and L-edge spectroscopy for probing the electronic structure of 5d transition metal catalysts
- 2010
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 12:21, s. 5694-5700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate the successful use of hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) for selectively probing the platinum partial d-density of states (DOS) in a Pt-Cu nanoparticle catalyst which shows activity superior to pure Pt towards the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR). The information about occupied Pt d-band states was complemented by Pt L-2-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), which probes unoccupied valence states. We found a significant electronic perturbation of the Pt projected d-DOS which was narrowed and shifted to higher binding energy compared to pure platinum. The effect of this electronic structure perturbation on the chemical properties of the nanoparticle surface is discussed in terms of the d-band model. We have thereby demonstrated that the combination of L-edge spectroscopy and HAXPES allows for an experimental derivation of the valence electronic structure in an element-specific way for 5d metal catalysts.
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| 6. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Diffraction and IR/Raman Data do not Prove Tetrahedral Water
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 129:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the reverse Monte Carlo modeling technique to fit two extreme structure models for water to available x-ray and neutron diffraction data in q space as well as to the electric field distribution as a representation of the OH stretch Raman spectrum of dilue HOD in D2O; the internal geometries were fitted to a quantum distribution. Forcing the fit to maximize the number of hydrogen (H) bonds results in a tetrahedral model with 74% double H-bond donors (DD) and 21% single donors (SD). Maximizing instead the number of SD species gives 81% SD and 18% DD, while still reproducing the experimental data and losing only 0.7–1.8 kJ/mole interaction energy. By decomposing the simulated Raman spectrum we can relate the models to the observed ultrafast frequency shifts in recent pump-probe measurements. Within the tetrahedral DD structure model the assumed connection between spectrum position and H-bonding indicates ultrafast dynamics in terms of breaking and reforming H bonds while in the strongly distorted model the observed frequency shifts do not necessarily imply H-bond changes. Both pictures are equally valid based on present diffraction and vibrational experimental data. There is thus no strict proof of tetrahedral water based on these data. We also note that the tetrahedral structure model must, to fit diffraction data, be less structured than most models obtained from molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 7. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Theoretical Approximations to X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Liquid Water and Ice
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. - : Elsevier BV. - 0368-2048 .- 1873-2526. ; 177:2-3, s. 135-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review methods to compute x-ray absorption spectra (XAS) with special focus on the transition potential approach of Triguero et al. [Phys. Rev. B 58, 8097 (1998)] and its application to calculations on water in condensed phase. We discuss the absolute energy scale, functional dependence, broadening versus sampling of intra- and intermolecular vibrational modes, treatment of the continuum, cluster size convergence as well as compare with periodic calculations and with experiment; periodic and cluster model calculations are found to agree very closely in the relevant near-edge region although neither reproduces the pre-edge and main-edge features in the experimental spectra of thin ice films. The real space grid representation of the wave function in the periodic calculations allows a more extended energy range to be described and we find satisfactory agreement with experiment for higher energy continuum resonances. Two proposed alternative approaches using either the potential from a full core-hole (FCH) or the full core-hole with an excited electron in the lowest state (XCH) are shown to lead to spectra that deviate significantly from experiment.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ljungberg, Mathias P., et al.
(författare)
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A simple picture of x-ray emission of condensed phase water
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We apply the Kramers-Heisenberg formula to a one-dimensional model of the water dimer to discuss vibrational interference in the x-ray emission spectrum of the donor molecule for which the core-ionized potential energy surface is known to be dissociative. The isotope effect is discussed and connections are made to recent experimental data on liquid water in terms of asymmetrical broadening of the 1b1 spectral features. A long core-hole life time leads to decay from Zundel-like, fully delocalized vibrational states in the intermediate potential without involvement of a specific dissociated component.
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| 10. |
- Ljungberg, Mathias P., et al.
(författare)
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An implementation of core level spectroscopies in a real space Projector Augmented Wave code
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We describe the implementation of K-shell core level spectroscopies (x-ray absorption (XAS), x-ray emission (XES), x-ray photoemission (XPS)) in the real-space-grid-based Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) GPAW code. The implementation for XAS is based on the Haydock recursion method avoiding computation of unoccupied states. The absolute energy scale is computed with the Delta Kohn-Sham method which is possible using specific PAW setups for the core-hole states. We show computed spectra for selected test cases (gas phase H2O and bulk diamond) and discuss the dependence on grid spacing, box size and core hole occupation. We apply the method to XES and XAS of CO adsorbed on Ni(100) and compare to experimental data where possible.
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