| 1. |
- Axelsson, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Cellular and Humoral Immune responses in Type 1 Diabetic patients participating in a Phase III GAD-alum Intervention Trial
- 2013
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Ingår i: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 36:11, s. 3418-3424
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVEGAD formulated in aluminum hydroxide (GAD-alum) has previously been shown to induce preservation of residual insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes, but recent phase II and III GAD-alum trials failed to reach primary outcomes. The European phase III study was therefore closed after 15 months, and only a minority of patients completed the 30 months of follow-up.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis study aimed to characterize cellular and humoral responses in the Swedish patients (n = 148) participating in the phase III trial, receiving four (4D) or two (2D) GAD-alum doses or placebo. Serum GAD(65) antibody (GADA) levels, GADA IgG1-4 subclass distribution, cytokine secretion, and proliferative responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed.RESULTSThe GAD(65)-induced cytokine profile tended to switch toward a predominant Th2-associated profile over time both in the 2D and 4D group. The groups also displayed increased GADA levels and PBMC proliferation compared with placebo, whereas GADA IgG subclass distribution changed in 4D patients.CONCLUSIONSBoth 2D and 4D patients displayed GAD(65)-specifc cellular and humoral effects after GAD-alum treatment, but at different time points and magnitudes. No specific immune markers could be associated with treatment efficacy.
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| 2. |
- Axelsson, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Early induction of GAD(65)-reactive Th2 response in type 1 diabetic children treated with alum-formulated GAD(65)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews. - : John Wiley and Sons. - 1520-7552 .- 1520-7560. ; 26:7, s. 559-568
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background We have previously shown that two injections of 20 mu g alum-formulated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD(65)) (GAD-alum; Diamyd (R)) in children with recent-onset type 1 diabetes lead to preservation of residual insulin secretion. In vitro cytokine production at the 15 months follow-up indicated immunomodulation. In the present study, we took advantage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cryopreserved during early follow-ups, to investigate whether the immunomodulatory effect of GAD-alum was apparent earlier after treatment, preceding the changes previously reported at 15 months.Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 70 type 1 diabetic children, randomly assigned GAD-alum (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35), that had been frozen at baseline (n = 27) and after 1 (n = 58), 3 (n = 67) and 9 (n = 66) months, were stimulated in vitro with GAD(65), tyrosine phosphatase-like protein IA-2 peptide, insulin peptide, GAD-alum, alum formulation or phytohaemagglutinin. Interleukin (IL)-5, -6, -10, -12, -13, -17, tumour necrosis factor and interferon-gamma were measured in cell supernatants and serum samples using Luminex. Expression of FOXP3 and transforming growth factor-beta was determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results Already 1 month after the first injection, GAD(65)-induced IL-5 and IL-13 together with FOXP3 were enhanced in GAD-alum-treated patients compared to those with placebo. The in vitro response at 3 and 9 months was characterized by a broader range of cytokines in the treated group. Notably, only the T-helper 2-associated cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 together with FOXP3 increased continuously over time.Conclusions Treatment with GAD-alum in type 1 diabetic children induced an early T-helper 2 immune enhanced response to GAD(65), followed by a wider spectrum of cytokines at 3 and 9 months. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 3. |
- Axelsson, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Long-Lasting Immune Responses 4 Years after GAD-Alum Treatment in Children with Type 1 Diabetes
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 6:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A phase II clinical trial with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) has shown efficacy in preserving residual insulin secretion in children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D). We have performed a 4-year follow-up study of 59 of the original 70 patients to investigate long-term cellular and humoral immune responses after GAD-alum-treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with GAD(65). Frequencies of naive, central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were measured, together with cytokine secretion, proliferation, gene expression and serum GAD(65) autoantibody (GADA) levels. We here show that GAD-alum-treated patients display increased memory T-cell frequencies and prompt T-cell activation upon in vitro stimulation with GAD(65), but not with control antigens, compared with placebo subjects. GAD(65)-induced T-cell activation was accompanied by secretion of T helper (Th) 1, Th2 and T regulatory cytokines and by induction of T-cell inhibitory pathways. Moreover, post-treatment serum GADA titres remained persistently increased in the GAD-alum arm, but did not inhibit GAD(65) enzymatic activity. In conclusion, memory T- and B-cell responses persist 4 years after GAD-alum-treatment. In parallel to a GAD(65)-induced T-cell activation, our results show induction of T-cell inhibitory pathways important for regulating the GAD(65) immunity.
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| 4. |
- Axelsson, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Preserved C-peptide 30 months after GAD-alum treatment of children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, and its relation to immune markers
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although alum-formulated GAD65 (GAD-alum) induced preservation of residual insulin secretion in a previous clinical Phase II trial, recent Phase II and Phase III trials failed to reach their primary end-points. The European Phase III trial was therefore closed after 15 months, and the 30 months follow-up period was completed only for a minority of the patients. This study aimed to assess whether GAD-alum preserved β-cell function in those recent-onset T1D patients who completed their 30 months visit in the European Phase III trial, and to characterize their GAD65-induced cytokine secretion and proliferation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated at baseline and after 1, 3, 9, 15 and 21 months from the 148 Swedish subjects included in the Phase III GAD-alum trial, and also at 30 months from 45 patients who had reached the final visit before the trial was closed. Patients had been randomly assigned into three arms: 4 doses of GAD-alum (4D), 2 doses of GAD-alum followed by two doses of placebo (2D), or 4 doses of placebo. Cytokine secretion was detected in cell culture supernatants by Luminex, after 7 days of in vitro culture. Cell proliferation was determined by 3H thymidine incorporation assay. Fasting and stimulated C-peptide was analysed in serum. Patients treated with 2 doses of GAD-alum had less decline of both fasting (p=0.040) and stimulated C-peptide (p=0.012) after 30 months, and a larger proportion of these patients preserved >25% of their initial stimulated C-peptide AUC compared to placebo (p=0.012). Both 2D and 4D patients showed increased PBMC proliferation to GAD65 and a cytokine profile that tended to switch towards a more predominant Th2 associated profile over time. The results support the concept of GAD-alum treatment, but no specific immune markers have been identified.
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| 5. |
- Barcenilla, Hugo, et al.
(författare)
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Mass Cytometry Identifies Distinct Subsets of Regulatory T Cells and Natural Killer Cells Associated With High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Immunology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-3224. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta-cells. The time from onset of islet autoimmunity to manifest clinical disease can vary widely in length, and it is fairly uncharacterized both clinically and immunologically. In the current study, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from autoantibody-positive children with high risk for T1D, and from age-matched healthy individuals, were analyzed by mass cytometry using a panel of 32 antibodies. Surface markers were chosen to identify multiple cell types including T, B, NK, monocytes, and DC, and antibodies specific for identification of differentiation, activation and functional markers were also included in the panel. By applying dimensional reduction and computational unsupervised clustering approaches, we delineated in an unbiased fashion 132 phenotypically distinct subsets within the major immune cell populations. We were able to identify an effector memory Treg subset expressing HLA-DR, CCR4, CCR6, CXCR3, and GATA3 that was increased in the high-risk group. In addition, two subsets of NK cells defined by CD16(+) CD8(+) CXCR3(+) and CD16(+) CD8(+) CXCR3(+) CD11c(+) were also higher in the same subjects. High-risk individuals did not show impaired glucose tolerance at the time of sampling, suggesting that the changes observed were not the result of metabolic imbalance, and might be potential biomarkers predictive of T1D.
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| 6. |
- Chéramy, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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GAD65 autoantibody (GADA) responses in Type 1 diabetes patients participating in a phase III GAD-alum intervention trial
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Although aluminum-formulated GAD65 (GAD-alum) induced preservation of residual insulin secretion in a previous clinical phase II trial, recent phase II and III trials failed to reach their primary end-points. The European phase III trial was therefore closed after 15 months, and the entire study period was completed only for a minority of the patients. This study aimed to characterize GAD65 autoantibodies (GADA) and Tyrosine phosphatase IA-2 autoantibody (IA-2A) levels, GADA IgG1-4 subclass distribution, B-cell frequencies/phenotypes and cytokine secretion. We also assessed whether GAD-alum preserved β-cell function in the small subgroup of Swedish patients who completed the 30 months visit. Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected at baseline and after 1, 3, 9, 15 and 21 months from the 148 Swedish subjects included in the trial, and also at 30 months from the 45 patients who reached the final visit. Patients were randomly assigned to; i) 4 doses of GAD-alum (4D), ii) 2 doses of GAD-alum followed by two doses of placebo (2D), or iii) 4 doses of placebo.GADA titers were induced both in the 4D and 2D group compared to placebo, and 4D patients also displayed a higher GADA fold-change after receiving the two additional injections compared to the 2D group. The 4D group switched to a higher frequency of GADA IgG4, associated to a Th2 type response at 9 months, whereas an association between GADA fold-change and GAD65-induced in vitro cytokine secretion was observed in the 2D group. These findings suggest that the humoral response, induced by the 2D treatment, seems to be associated with a GAD65-specific cellular response, while 4D induces a distinct humoral response. Even though GADA titers were elevated, no changes in B-cell frequencies or phenotype were observed in any group. IA-2A levels declined at a similar rate in all groups during the trial.The subgroup of patients who completed the 30 month visit receiving 2 doses of GAD-alum had less decline of both fasting and stimulated C-peptide after 30 months compared to placebo. These results support the concept of GAD-alum treatment, but no specific immune markers have been identified.
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| 7. |
- Huus, Karina, et al.
(författare)
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Physical Activity, Blood Glucose and C-Peptide in Healthy School-Children, a Longitudinal Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Plos One. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim To further elucidate the relationship between physical activity and several risk factors for development of diabetes (glucose, C-peptide and obesity) over time. A prospective longitudinal study where physical activity was measured on 199 children from Kalmar and Linkoping at age 8, and the same 107 children from Linkoping again at age 12. Anthropometric data was collected and blood was analyzed for C-peptide and f-glucose. The children in the study were representative for the general Swedish child population, and on an average lean. High physical activity was related to lower C-peptide at age 8 and 12. This correlation was especially pronounced in boys, who also were more physically active than girls at both time points. The association seen at 8 years of age was similar at age 12 in most children. Children with higher BMI Z-Score had a higher fasting C-peptide (age 12) but linear regression showed that children with more steps per day were less likely to have a higher fasting C-peptide irrespective of BMI. Longitudinal follow-up showed that a decrease in physical activity increased insulin resistance and beta-cell load. Already in young children, physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and decreases the need of C-peptide over time. This seems to become even more pronounced with increasing age when children are followed longitudinally. Low physical activity increases the load on insulin producing beta-cells, might increase the risk for both type 1- and 2 diabetes.
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| 8. |
- Ludvigsson, Johnny, et al.
(författare)
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GAD-treatment of children and adolescents with recent-onset Type 1 diabetes preserves residual insulin secretion after 30 months
- 2014
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Ingår i: Diabetes/Metabolism Research Reviews. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1520-7552 .- 1520-7560. ; 30:5, s. 405-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyse data from two different studies (Phase II and Phase III) regarding the safety and efficacy of treatment with alum formulated glutamic acid decarboxylase GAD65 (GAD-alum), 30 months after administration to children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D).METHODS: The Phase II trial was a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study, including 70 children and adolescents which were followed for 30 months. Participants received a subcutaneous injection of either 20 µg of GAD-alum or placebo at baseline and one month later. During a subsequent larger European Phase III trial including three treatment arms, participants received two or four subcutaneous injections of either 20 µg of GAD-alum and/or placebo at baseline, 1, 3 and 9 months. The Phase III trial was prematurely interrupted at 15 months, but of the 148 Swedish patients, a majority completed the 21 months follow-up and 45 patients completed the trial at 30 months. Both studies included GADA-positive patients with fasting C-peptide ≥0.10 nmol/l. We have now combined the results of these two trials.RESULTS: There were no treatment related adverse events. In patients treated with 2 GAD-alum doses, stimulated C-peptide AUC had decreased significantly less (9 m: p < 0.037; 15 m p < 0.032; 21 m p < 0.003 and 30 m p < 0.004) and a larger proportion of these patients were also able to achieve a peak stimulated C-peptide >0.2 nmol/l (p < 0.05), as compared to placebo.CONCLUSION: Treatment with two doses of GAD-alum in children and adolescents with recent-onset T1D shows no adverse events and preserves residual insulin secretion. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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| 9. |
- Pihl, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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GAD-specific T cells are induced by GAD-alum treatment in Type-1 diabetes patients
- 2017
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Ingår i: Clinical Immunology. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 1521-6616 .- 1521-7035. ; 176, s. 114-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Administration of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)(65) formulated in aluminium hydroxide preserved insulin secretion in a phase II trial in recent onset Type 1 Diabetes. A subsequent European phase III trial was closed at 15 months after failing to reach primary endpoint, but the majority of the Swedish patients completed the 21 months follow-up. We studied the frequencies and phenotype of T cells, suppressive capacity of Tregs, GAD(65)-induced proliferation, and frequencies of T cells with a GAD(65)-specific TCR in Swedes participating in the trial. Stimulation with GAD(65) induced activated T cells and also cells with a suppressive phenotype. Activated GAD(65)-specific effector T cells were detected by tetramer staining while the frequency of GAD(65)-specific Treg was not affected by the treatment. Additional doses of GAD-alum increased frequencies of CD25(+)CD127(+), but had no effect on CD25(hi)CD127(lo). Our findings indicate that GAD-alum treatment primarily induced activated T cells. GAD(65)-specific cells were mainly of activated phenotype. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Pihl, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Regulatory T cell phenotype and function 4 years after GAD–alum treatment in children with type 1 diabetes
- 2013
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Ingår i: Clinical and Experimental Immunology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0009-9104 .- 1365-2249. ; 172:3, s. 394-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 formulated with aluminium hydroxide (GAD-alum) was effective in preserving insulin secretion in a Phase II clinical trial in children and adolescents with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. In addition, GAD-alum treated patients increased CD4+CD25hi forkhead box protein 3+ (FoxP3+) cell numbers in response to in-vitro GAD65 stimulation. We have carried out a 4-year follow-up study of 59 of the original 70 patients to investigate long-term effects on the frequency and function of regulatory T cells after GAD-alum treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with GAD65 for 7 days and expression of regulatory T cell markers was measured by flow cytometry. Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25hiCD127lo) and effector T cells (CD4+CD25–CD127+) were further sorted, expanded and used in suppression assays to assess regulatory T cell function after GAD-alum treatment. GAD-alum-treated patients displayed higher frequencies of in-vitro GAD65-induced CD4+CD25+CD127+ as well as CD4+CD25hiCD127lo and CD4+FoxP3+ cells compared to placebo. Moreover, GAD65 stimulation induced a population of CD4hi cells consisting mainly of CD25+CD127+, which was specific of GAD-alum-treated patients (16 of 25 versus one of 25 in placebo). Assessment of suppressive function in expanded regulatory T cells revealed no difference between GAD-alum- and placebo-treated individuals. Regulatory T cell frequency did not correlate with C-peptide secretion throughout the study. In conclusion, GAD-alum treatment induced both GAD65-reactive CD25+CD127+ and CD25hiCD127lo cells, but no difference in regulatory T cell function 4 years after GAD-alum treatment.
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