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Träfflista för sökning "WFRF:(Madison Guy) ;pers:(Madison Guy 1961)"

Sökning: WFRF:(Madison Guy) > Madison Guy 1961

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1.
  • af Wåhlberg, A. E., et al. (författare)
  • Meta-Analytic Analysis of Invariance Across Samples : Introducing a Method That Does Not Require Raw Data
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Basic and Applied Social Psychology. - : Routledge. - 0197-3533 .- 1532-4834. ; 43:1, s. 68-80
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Invariance of surveys across different groups means that the respondents interpret the items in the same way, as reflected in similar factor loadings, for example. Invariance can be assessed using various statistical procedures, such as Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. However, these analyses require access to raw data. Here, we introduce a meta-analytic method that requires only the factor correlation matrices of samples as input. It compares the structures of intercorrelations of factors by correlating these values across two samples, yielding a value of overall similarity for how the factors intercorrelate in different samples. This method was tested in three different ways. We conclude that the method yields useful results and can assess invariance when raw data are not available.
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2.
  • Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad, et al. (författare)
  • Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 196
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.
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3.
  • Appelgren, Alva, et al. (författare)
  • Tuning in on motivation : Differences between non-musicians, amateurs, and professional musicians
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Psychology of Music. - : SAGE Publications. - 0305-7356 .- 1741-3087. ; 47:6, s. 864-873
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The drive to learn and engage in music varies among individuals. Global motivation to do something can be intrinsic, for example, the joy and satisfaction in an activity. But motivation behind our action can also be extrinsic, such as the desire for fame, status or increased financial resources. The type of motivation probably influences to what degree individuals engage in musical activities. In this study, we examined the associations between the level of musical engagement and self-rated global motivation, factoring in age and sex, in a sample of 5,435 individuals. Musical engagement ranged from no music activity to amateurs and professional musicians. We found that intrinsic motivation increases with level of music activity and that motivation differs depending on sex, with females scoring higher on intrinsic motivation than males. Such differences may be considered in adjusting the forms of support offered to young musicians in music education. The phenomenon of motivation is complex, and we have highlighted areas that require further investigation, but this study has elucidated some differences in motivation types found in men and women, and between non-musicians, amateurs and professional musicians.
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4.
  • Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh Attallah, et al. (författare)
  • Decreases in divergent thinking across age groups from 2005 to 2018 amongst school children in Sudan
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 231
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Performances on tests of creativity have been found to be in decline in the USA. Here, we explore scores on divergent thinking tests in private schools in Khartoum State in Sudan by comparing a 2005 and a 2018 administration of the Torrance Standardized Circles test to 8- to 12-year-olds of both sexes. We find a decline across the period in all three dimensions of the test (Fluency, Flexibility and Originality), as well as in the overall index of divergent thinking. In line with much previous research, females consistently outperform males. Examining previous studies that report Negative Flynn Effects on IQ in Arab countries, we conclude that our results most likely reflect highly localized and exclusively environmental causes, and caution against assuming that the same processes that underlie Negative Flynn Effects in the West, whether on IQ or any trait correlated with it, also underlie it in the Arab World.
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5.
  • Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh, et al. (författare)
  • Sex and national differences in internet addiction in Egypt and Saudi Arabia
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 240
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Understanding individual differences in psychology, and how they relate to specific addictions, may allow society to better identify those at most risk and even enact policies to ameliorate them. Internet addiction is a growing health concern, a research focus of which is to understand individual differences and the psychology of those most susceptible to developing it. Western countries are strongly overrepresented in this regard.Method: Here, sex and national differences in internet addiction are measured, using Young's ‘Internet Addiction Test,’ in two non-Western countries, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. >800 students aged 18 and 35 years (M = 20.65, SD = 1.48) completed a multidimensional internet addiction instrument. The instrument measures traits such as Withdrawal and Social Problems, Time Management and Performance and Reality Substitute.Results: Analyses revealed that males scored higher than females and Saudis higher than Egyptians on nearly all scales, including the total score. Factor analysis of the 20-item instrument revealed three factors, all exhibiting sex and culture differences.Conclusions: These findings add to the body of evidence that males are higher than females in problematic internet use, as they are in addictive behaviors in general. Our findings may also imply that restrictions on male-female interaction, which are more pronounced in Saudi Arabia, may elevate the prevalence of internet addiction. The internet is also easier and cheaper to access in Saudi Arabia than in Egypt.
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6.
  • Coyle, Thomas R., et al. (författare)
  • The heritability of ability tilts
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 213
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Tilts arise from within-subject differences in performance between two distinct cognitive ability measures (e.g., verbal minus quantitative). These are independent of general cognitive ability (GCA) and are likely a function of differential investment of time and other resources into the cultivation of one ability, at the expense of another. There is some debate about the meaning and measurement of tilts among psychometricians, but a body of research is emerging demonstrating that these are predictive of real-world outcomes independent of GCA. An open question concerns the heritability of tilts. Since nearly all phenotypic individual differences are heritable, tilts, if substantive, should not be an exception. It was found that tilts are modestly heritable (after controlling for participant age and residual correlations with GCA) in three samples (US children, Georgia Twin Study; Swedish adults, Swedish Twin Registry; US adults, MIDUS II). AE models better fit the tilt data in all but one case (Verbal - Reasoning, in the GTS, where an ACE model better fit the data). Comparatively large (non-shared) environmentalities were noted in all cases, potentially consistent with models predicting a role for niche-picking and experience-producing-drive dynamics in generating tilts. A Wilson-like effect was observed when the tilt heritabilities in the GTS were compared with their equivalent parameters in the other two (older) samples. The finding that tilts exhibit non-zero heritability in different age ranges and in two countries strengthens their external validity, and weakens claims that they are measurement artifacts, as predisposing genetic and environmental factors are part of their nomological network.
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7.
  • Dunkel, Curtis S., et al. (författare)
  • The possible role of field independence/dependence on developmental sex differences in general intelligence
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Intelligence. - : Elsevier. - 0160-2896 .- 1873-7935. ; 91
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Real-life outcomes for men and women suggest the existence of cognitive sex differences, but the evidence for a sex difference in general intelligence is equivocal. Here, we examine the role of spatial ability for IQ test performance, in light of the developmental hypothesis that male performance increases more than female across adolescence. Using longitudinal data from Block and Block data set on the Wechsler scales and the rod-and-frame test (RFT) for ages 4 (N = 108), 11 (N = 101), and 18 years (N = 100), we find that males' performance becomes greater than females' with age, both on IQ and the RFT. At 18 years of age, males' mean IQ and RFT score was 116.4 and 4.05 (lower scores representing less error), as compared to111.5 and 7.85 for females. Importantly, we found that the RFT mediates the sex difference in IQ, and that the factor loadings of the RFT on the g factor increases with age, from −0.06 at age 4 to −0.52 at 11 and −0.67 at age 18. In conclusion, g becomes more integrative of spatial ability across time and this finding may explain sex differences in g after puberty and potentially has interesting implications for the understanding of the development of intelligence. One important direction for future research is to incorporate biologically based pubertal neural changes into our understanding of developmental sex differences in intelligence.
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8.
  • Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • "Blessed are the nations with high levels of schizophrenia" : national level schizophrenia prevalence and its relationship with national level religiosity
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of religion and health. - : Springer. - 0022-4197 .- 1573-6571. ; 61:1, s. 6-22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Schizophrenia is correlated with religious delusions but, heretofore, the relationship between schizophrenia prevalence and religiosity has not been explored at the national level. Examining this relationship, we find that national level schizophrenia prevalence is correlated with national level religiosity and strongly negatively correlated with national level atheism across 125 countries. When controlling for cognitive performance and economic development in multiple regression analyses, the proportion of the variance explained was 2.9% (p < .005) for Religiousness and 5.1% for Atheism (p < .00005). Alternative causal interpretations of this association are discussed.
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9.
  • Dutton, Edward, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Evolution of punishment
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319196497 - 9783319169996
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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10.
  • Dutton, Edward, et al. (författare)
  • Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization : a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Sexuality Research & Social Policy. - : Springer. - 1868-9884 .- 1553-6610. ; 142:3, s. 216-220
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Gender dysphoria (GD) is associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the causal links are not known. We note that some of these conditions are associated with physiological masculinisation.Methods: Here, we explore this association through a series of systematic reviews, using Google Scholar, on original studies that test the relationship between GD and at least one correlate of androgens, namely autism spectrum disorder, left-handedness, 2D:4D ratio, being male and male heterosexuality.Results: Individuals with GD tend to exhibit scores that reflect heightened levels of androgens and masculinity compared with non-GD individuals. We further show that these same androgen indices are also associated with other identity disorders (or dysphoriae).Conclusions: Autism is associated with masculinisation, and we argue that GD may reflect autism spectrum disorder traits that indirectly lead to anxiety and to one questioning one’s sense of self. We note that this is consistent with Blanchard’s transsexualism typology, which successfully integrates a wide range of empirical findings.
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