| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Shi, F. Z., et al.
(författare)
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Weakening Relationship Between Vegetation Growth Over the Tibetan Plateau and Large-Scale Climate Variability
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. - : Wiley. - 2169-8953. ; 123:4, s. 1247-1259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vegetation growth on the Tibetan Plateau is strongly affected by large-scale climate variability, particularly the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). However, potential temporal changes in both the direction and strength of relationships between regional vegetation growth and large-scale climate variability remain poorly understood. Here we quantify temporal changes in these relationships during 1982-2012, using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index, global ecosystem model simulations of net primary productivity, regional tree ring chronologies, and PDO and NAO indexes. We found consistent weakening relationships between mean growing-season (April-October) normalized difference vegetation index and both PDO and NAO. A similar pattern was also found in the temporal relationship between net primary productivity and PDO. Such weakening relationships were partly attributable to weakening regional summer atmospheric circulation and its causal effects on changes in hydrothermal conditions over the Tibetan Plateau. These findings highlight a varying coupling of regional vegetation growth to large-scale climate variability at the interannual/decadal scale during past decades, and this feature should be considered in future prediction of terrestrial vegetation growth in response to shifting climate regime.
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| 4. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Shang, Y. Y., et al.
(författare)
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Sex-specific digestive performance of mussels exposed to warming and starvation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-042X. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As global climate change has dramatically impacted the ocean, severe temperature elevation and a decline in primary productivity has frequently occurred, which has affected the structure of coastal biomes. In this study, the sex-specific responses to temperature change and food availability in mussels were determined in terms of digestive performance. The thick-shelled mussels Mytilus coruscus (male and female) were exposed to different temperature and nutritional conditions for 30 days. The results showed that the digestive enzymes of mussels were significantly affected by temperature, food, sex, and their interactions. High temperature (30 & DEG;C) and starvation significantly decreased amylase, lysozyme, and pepsase activities of female mussels, while trypsin and trehalase did not change significantly at the experimental end. The activity of amylase, trypsin, and trehalase was significantly reduced in males at high temperature (30 & DEG;C) under starvation treatment, but high temperature (30 & DEG;C) elevated pepsase. Unsurprisingly, starvation caused the reduction of lysozyme and pepsase under 25 & DEG;C in males. Amylase, lipase, and trehalase were higher in female mussels compared with males, while the enzymatic activities of lysozyme, pepsase, and trypsin were higher in male mussels than females. Principal component analysis showed that different enzyme activity indexes were separated in male and female mussels, indicating that male and female mussels exhibited significantly different digestive abilities under temperature and food condition change. The study clarified sex-specific response difference in mussel digestive enzymes under warming and starvation and provided guidance for the development of mussel aquaculture (high temperature management and feeding strategy) under changing marine environments.
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| 6. |
- Wang, Fang, et al.
(författare)
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Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective
- 2024
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Ingår i: Innovation. - 2666-6758. ; 5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental pollution is escalating due to rapid global development that often prioritizes human needs over planetary health. Despite global efforts to mitigate legacy pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, global initiatives are focusing on risk assessment and regulation of emerging contaminants, as demonstrated by the ongoing efforts to establish the UN's Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution Prevention. This review identifies the sources and impacts of emerging contaminants on planetary health, emphasizing the importance of adopting a One Health approach. Strategies for monitoring and addressing these pollutants are discussed, underscoring the need for robust and socially equitable environmental policies at both regional and international levels. Urgent actions are needed to transition toward sustainable pollution management practices to safeguard our planet for future generations.
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| 7. |
- Wang, S. T., et al.
(författare)
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A Fully Conjugated 3D Covalent Organic Framework Exhibiting Band-like Transport with Ultrahigh Electron Mobility
- 2021
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie-International Edition. - : Wiley. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 133:17, s. 9407-9411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although pi-conjugated two dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been extensively reported, developing fully pi-conjugated 3D COFs is still an extremely difficult problem due to the lack of fully pi-conjugated 3D linkers. We synthesize a fully conjugated 3D COF (BUCT-COF-1) by designing a saddle-shaped building block of aldehyde-substituted cyclooctatetrathiophene (COThP)-CHO. As a consequence of the fully conjugated 3D network, BUCT-COF-1 demonstrates ultrahigh Hall electron mobility up to approximate to 3.0 cm(2) V-1 s(-1) at room temperature, which is one order of magnitude higher than the current pi-conjugated 2D COFs. Temperature-dependent conductivity measurements reveal that the charge carriers in BUCT- COF-1 exhibit the band-like transport mechanism, which is entirely different from the hopping transport phenomena observed in common organic materials. The findings indicate that fully conjugated 3D COFs can achieve electron delocalization and charge-transport pathways within the whole 3D skeleton, which may open up a new frontier in the design of organic semiconducting materials.
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