| 1. |
- Holand, Øystein, et al.
(författare)
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Reindeer pastoralism in Fennoscandia
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. - London : Routledge. - 9781000593402 - 9780367632670 ; , s. 7-47
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This introductory chapter presents reindeer pastoralism as a social-ecological system and outlines its essential components. Reindeer herders – the pastoralists of the north, the reindeer and the natural environment of Fennoscandia – are briefly introduced. The chapter describes how different historical, natural and social environments lead to different management forms in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Further, it provides a historical overview of reindeer pastoralism deeply embedded in Sámi and local culture and gives some key statistics of the situation today. Finally, it outlines the major challenges that reindeer pastoralism is facing today within the three Fennoscandian countries. This chapter therefore provides the background for the detailed analyses in the main part of this book.
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| 2. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Contested boreal landscapes – consequences of different forest management priorities
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When managing natural resources, the requirements of several stakeholders often need to be considered, as their competing aims and interests need to be delivered in different ways. Agreeing on trade-offs and finding optimal solutions is often a demanding task, particularly if the actions of one land user make it difficult for others to utilize natural resources in a specific way.In this case study, we explore the consequences of two different forest management scenarios on forest characteristics and economic gains in two particular study areas in the Swedish boreal forest. The management strategies differ by prioritizing either i) forest characteristics that sustain reindeer grazing or ii) timber production as practiced in Swedish forestry today. However, simplifications that affect our models include the assumption of only one landowner and a management focus on the stand level. Further, we do not evaluate the direct consequences of the two scenarios on reindeer husbandry, as only selected parts of the winter grazing grounds are considered.Depending on the management strategy, forest characteristics differ, e.g. the composition of age classes or timber volume. Compared to management for timber production, forests managed for reindeer grazing are characterized by a higher abundance of older age classes with larger trees, but lower stem density. We found that, over a 100 year period, these forest characteristics generated revenues of approximately 80 % of those resulting from management focused on timber production.These differences and their resulting consequences illustrate the contrasting preferences for particular forest characteristics of the two land users. However, to understand them as principles for potential trade-offs, they have to be interpreted carefully in relation to the range of possible management options available to achieve sustainability in the multiple-use situation of Swedish boreal forests, as well as to enhance their cultural and biological value.
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| 3. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-
(författare)
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Contested Landscapes : social-ecological interactions between forestry and reindeer husbandry
- 2013
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Throughout northern Fennoscandia, reindeer husbandry is a central part in the cultural heritage of the Sámi people. In its history, Sámi culture and reindeer husbandry have undergone significant adaptations to environmental, social and political challenges. Landscape changes on the winter grazing grounds were mainly driven by resource exploitation, especially by industrialized forestry. Important grazing resources were lost, i.e. terrestrial and arboreal lichens that constitute essential key elements in the herding year.In my thesis, I explore the consequences of these transformations in Swedish boreal forests for reindeer husbandry. The multi-disciplinary approach integrates interview studies, ecological fieldwork and theoretical modeling of forest development.I emphasize the understanding of landscapes as multi-dimensional concepts with ecological, social and economic components. They interact in determining the amount of landscape fragmentation in physical or administrative ways, or in enabling reindeer herders to move between different landscape elements. These elements, e.g. forest stands of different ages, can react differently to winter weather. Thus, they enable reindeer herders to adjust their grazing grounds according to the availability of forage, mediated by snow conditions. However, forestry practices have reduced the abundance of old-growth forests, and therewith the functionality of the landscape. By comparing snow conditions in different forest types, I show that multi-layered canopies can offer a more diverse pattern of snow hardness. However, the interaction between forest characteristics with snow is strongly dependent on weather conditions, e.g. the timing and intensity of warm spells. The prevalence of single-layered forest stands therefore can lead to a reduction in snow variability and potentially restricts the availability of suitable grazing grounds for reindeer. If snow conditions hinder reindeer in foraging on terrestrial lichens, old forests formerly supplied reindeer with arboreal lichens. I show how industrial forestry has reduced the availability of this emergency forage by the reduction of old forests and increased landscape fragmentation and analyze the consequences of different management strategies on future habitat availability for arboreal lichens. By integrating these results into a model of forest management, I offer insights into consequences arising from different priorities that either favor timber production or the development of lichen-rich grazing grounds.In conclusion, I emphasize the importance of landscape diversity, as well as the ability to make use of this diversity, as a source of adaptability of reindeer husbandry to changes in grazing conditions by e.g. winter weather dynamics. A shared future of reindeer husbandry and forestry could be fostered by encouraging the social-ecological co-evolution of multiple use landscapes and the enhancement of the cultural and biological significance of the Swedish boreal forests.
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| 4. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the multiple use of boreal landscapes : the importance of social-ecological diversity for mobility and flexibility
- 2014
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Ingår i: Human Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0300-7839 .- 1572-9915. ; 42:5, s. 671-682
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable multiple use of landscapes can be a challenging task for the stakeholders involved, especially when they have competing interests with respect to natural resource management. In this paper we analyze the consequences associated with “landscape diversity”, including the interactions between environmental, administrative and societal factors. As a case study, we describe winter land use for reindeer husbandry in the boreal forest in Northern Sweden, a resource that is also used for commercial timber production. We show how and why the interactions between the three factors associated with landscape diversity affect reindeer herding and the options for responding to change. Multi-dimensional landscape diversity can either (i) promote flexibility in the face of change in the form of mobility or (ii) create fragmentation that restricts adaption to changes. This is a result of the dynamic patterns of diverse landscape structures, created by administrative and societal choices. Because such landscape patterns react differently to environmental variability within a season and between years, landscape functions adjusted to the dynamics of environmental variables could help to provide continuity of grazing resources in both space and time and ensure that reindeer husbandry remains resilient to changes. Because of the unequal distribution of power and capacity for decision making, social learning between the two stakeholders can help to balance trade-offs between both types of land user, allowing them to coexist in a landscape shaped by diverse values, priorities and management practices.
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| 5. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Pastures under pressure : Effects of other land users and the environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change. - London : Routledge. - 9781000593402 - 9780367632670 ; , s. 76-98
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer husbandry has a long history of sharing landscapes with a multitude of other forms of land use. By competing for space, industrial resource developments from the early 20th century onwards have affected where, when and how the landscape can be used for reindeer grazing. Extending from the local to the landscape level, these impacts can reduce pastures either directly or indirectly as a result of increasing landscape fragmentation or changing reindeer behaviour. Furthermore, environmental drivers influence the dynamics of forage availability or accessibility for reindeer. The observed trend of shrinking pastures in the three countries is caused by these cumulative impacts. As a consequence, grazing pressure on the remaining pastures increases, and it curtails reindeer herders’ options to respond to the challenges of climate change. Reversing the continuing decrease in pastures requires the restoration of grazing resources and increasing landscape connectivity to facilitate movement and grazing rotation. However, socio-political incentives are also required to sustain reindeer pastures in the future. This includes an increase in the influence of reindeer herders on land use decisions and the inclusion of their traditional ecological knowledge of pasture management to identify alternative approaches to natural resource management.
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| 6. |
- Horstkotte, Tim, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Successional pathways of terrestrial lichens in changing Swedish boreal forests
- 2019
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 453
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current decline of terrestrial lichens in Swedish boreal forests is a major challenge for reindeer husbandry, as lichens constitute essential grazing resources for reindeer during winter. Using a 30-year data set covering northern Sweden, we explore how the successional dynamics of lichen cover depend on several forest characteristics, as well as management strategies regarding both reindeer and forestry. We found a 36% reduction of plots with lichen cover, with a decrease in lichen cover becoming more likely in recent years. Year-round presence of reindeer in forests, compared to winter grazing only, had slightly negative impacts on lichens. We found increases in lichen cover in young forests following final harvest. However, increasing basal areas as forest grow older affected lichens negatively and supported dominance of mosses. Forest management that prioritizes less dense forests with larger trees would therefore improve the ability of lichens to persist as forage resource for reindeer.
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| 7. |
- Moen, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Final reflections
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 - 9780367632687 - 9781003118565 ; , s. 289-292
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global challenges that humanity faces are addressed in various global agreements, such as the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, all global goals require local implementation and must be locally accepted. Adaptation and transformation will claim large land resources, such as infrastructures, wind farms, mines and intense land use for bioenergy. This may exacerbate already existing conflict over land use and the rights to resources, not least in northern peripheral areas. Reindeer pastoralism is affected by all of these interwoven processes, which gives a need for more holistic regional land use planning. This chapter summarizes some of the factors that have contributed to a lack of such planning and points to the importance of including reindeer herders as ‘rightsholders’ and their traditional knowledge in a transition to a just and sustainable society.
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| 8. |
- Moen, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Tipping points and regime shifts in reindeer husbandry : a systems approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change. - London : Routledge. - 9780367632670 - 9780367632687 - 9781003118565 ; , s. 265-277
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses the challenges to reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia from a systems perspective. Drawing on information in other chapters in this book, the specific focus is on so called tipping points, or abrupt changes in the coupled social-ecological system. Tipping points may occur when external drivers push a system to an alternative system state, characterized by different feedbacks than in the original state. Compared to ‘ideal’ or traditional reindeer husbandry, examples of alternative states include reliance on supplementary feeding to compensate for losses of pastures, fencing herds to provide protection from predation, becoming a meat-processing industry based on more centralized herding practices and a total loss of reindeer husbandry. All of these states are seen as undesirable by the herders. Reindeer husbandry, as it is currently practised, requires intact social-ecological relationships within the herding districts, as well as in their interaction with the external society. These system qualities need to be strengthened as they innately provide resilience, and will demand structural, institutional and legislative changes, but also discursive changes of how we imagine what sustainability is, and whether herders are treated as one of many stakeholders or as the rights holders that they really are according to the law.
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| 9. |
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Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change : pastoralism in Fennoscandia
- 2022
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This volume offers a holistic understanding of the environmental and societal challenges that affect reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia today.Reindeer husbandry is a livelihood with a long traditional heritage and cultural importance. Like many other pastoral societies, reindeer herders are confronted with significant challenges. Covering Norway, Sweden and Finland – three countries with many differences and similarities – this volume examines how reindeer husbandry is affected by and responds to global environmental change and resource extraction in boreal and arctic social- ecological systems. Beginning with an historical overview of reindeer husbandry, the volume analyses the realities of the present from different perspectives and disciplines. Genetics, behavioural ecology of reindeer, other forms of land use, pastoralists’ norms and knowledge, bio- economy and governance structures all set the stage for the complex internal and externally imposed dynamics within reindeer husbandry. In- depth analyses are devoted to particularly urgent challenges, such as land- use conflicts, climate change and predation, identified as having a high potential to shape the future pathways of the pastoral identity and productivity. These futures, with their risks and opportunities, are explored in the final section, offering a synthesis of the comparative approach between the three countries that runs as a recurring theme through the book. With its richness and depth, this volume contributes significantly to the understanding of the substantial impacts on pastoralist communities in northernmost Europe today, while highlighting viable pathways to maintaining reindeer husbandry for the future.This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of both the natural and social sciences who work on natural resource management, global environmental change, pastoralism, ecology, social- ecological systems, rangeland management and Indigenous studies.
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