| 1. |
- Heilinger, Jan-Christoph, et al.
(författare)
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Public Health Ethics and Covid-19: The ethical dimensions of public health decision-making during a pandemic
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Covid-19 pandemic forces policy makers and public health authorities to make ethically challenging decisions, often under conditions of uncertainty and under time pressure. In times of pandemics, ethical accountability is more important, not less. Understanding and handling of ethical problems require grounding in ethical theory and decision models, in combination with relevant facts from medicine, public health, law, economics, politics, etc. The perspective of public health ethics includes considerations from all ethical domains of relevance in a pandemic situation. This foundational policy brief provides an overview of the fundamental ethical dimensions of public health decision-making in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. It references important existing ethical frameworks, some of which are based on extensive stakeholder vetting and public consultation. Its goal is to support decision-making that is justified and communicated as required by basic democratic principles and in the light of diverse values and norms present in democratic societies. These, however, may conflict with one another, making difficult trade-offs inevitable. Further policy briefs on specific topics will be consecutively developed by this ethics working group, including on ethical decision-making in policy and practice under conditions of uncertainty, ethics of vaccination, ethics of Covid-19-related contract-tracing apps, ethics of Covid-19 and age, ethics of experimental treatment, refugee health ethics and Covid-19.
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| 2. |
- Munthe, Christian, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Ethical aspects of pandemic public policy-making under uncertainty
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Pandemic public policy-making requires far-reaching decisions in the context of severe and dynamic lack of information. This policy brief breaks down the ethical challenge of pandemic public policy-making under conditions of uncertainty into understandable parts, and elaborates how these may be approached in practice. A pandemic usually implies uncertainty about the spread of the infection, about its impacts for people and society, and the effects of policy measures undertaken in response to the pandemic. A precautionary approach is required, but precautionary reasoning must consider practicality, non-arbitrariness, proportionality and justification. Pandemic public policy making under uncertainty should avoid paralysis by limiting the space for precautionary reasoning; balance both uncertain harms and uncertain benefits; avoid false certainty bias; decrease uncertainty, while minding the price of precaution; take into consideration legitimacy but also public opinion and feelings; set, disclose and communicate underlying ethical values and principles; monitor and re-evaluate decisions and consequences. This paper is intended for those making and advising public policy decisions, including ethicists.
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| 3. |
- Ranisch, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Digital contact tracing and exposure notification: ethical guidance for trustworthy pandemic management
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ethics and Information Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1388-1957 .- 1572-8439. ; 23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is growing interest in contact tracing apps (CT apps) for pandemic management. It is crucial to consider ethical requirements before, while, and after implementing such apps. In this paper, we illustrate the complexity and multiplicity of the ethical considerations by presenting an ethical framework for a responsible design and implementation of CT apps. Using this framework as a starting point, we briefly highlight the interconnection of social and political contexts, available measures of pandemic management, and a multi-layer assessment of CT apps. We will discuss some trade-offs that arise from this perspective. We then suggest that public trust is of major importance for population uptake of contact tracing apps. Hasty, ill-prepared or badly communicated implementations of CT apps will likely undermine public trust, and as such, risk impeding general effectiveness.
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| 4. |
- Ranisch, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Ethics of digital contact tracing apps for the Covid-19 pandemic response
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a growing interest in contact tracing apps (CT apps) for pandemic man- agement. These apps raise significant moral concerns. It is therefore crucial to consider ethical requirements before and while implementing such apps. Public trust is of major importance for population uptake of contact tracing apps. Hasty, ill-prepared or badly communicated implementations of CT apps will likely under- mine public trust, and as such, risk impeding general effectiveness. In response to these demands, to meet ethical requirements and find a basis for justified trust, this background introduces an ethical framework for a responsible design and implementation of CT apps. However, even prudently chosen measures of digital contact tracing carry moral costs, which makes it necessary address different trade-offs. This background paper aims to inform developers, researchers and decision-makers be- fore and throughout the process of implementing contact tracing apps.
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| 5. |
- Wild, Verina, et al.
(författare)
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Covid-19: Eine Ad hoc Public-Health-Ethikberatung : Covid-19: An ad hoc public health ethics consultation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Das Gesundheitswesen. - : Georg Thieme Verlag KG. - 0941-3790 .- 1439-4421. ; 82:6, s. 507-513
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In diesem Dokument beschreiben wir den Prozess und den Inhalt einer ad hoc Public-Health-Ethikberatung vom 22. März 2020 für eine regionale Gesundheitsbehörde (Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit) zu Entscheidungen im Zusammenhang mit Covid-19. In this paper we describe the process and content of our ad hoc public health ethics consultation for a Bavarian health authority in relation to Covid-19.
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| 6. |
- Wild, Verina, et al.
(författare)
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Responding to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Experiences of an ad hoc public health ethics consultation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Ethics. - 0306-6800. ; :20200401
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Public health authorities in many places of the world are now struggling with ethically complex decisions regarding their response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Surely, they are also reaching out to ethicists, asking for advice. We share our experience here so as to promote exchange with other public health ethicists who are actively consulting authorities at the moment. We are interested in knowing what questions are being asked; what answers are being produced; and what processes colleagues are using to respond to these consultation requests.
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