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- Navarro-Cano, Jose A., et al.
(författare)
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Climate change, phenology, and butterfly host plant utilization
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 44:S!, s. S78-S88
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of how species interactions are influenced by climate warming is paramount to understand current biodiversity changes. We review phenological changes of Swedish butterflies during the latest decades and explore potential climate effects on butterfly-host plant interactions using the Orange tip butterfly Anthocharis cardamines and its host plants as a model system. This butterfly has advanced its appearance dates substantially, and its mean flight date shows a positive correlation with latitude. We show that there is a large latitudinal variation in host use and that butterfly populations select plant individuals based on their flowering phenology. We conclude that A. cardamines is a phenological specialist but a host species generalist. This implies that thermal plasticity for spring development influences host utilization of the butterfly through effects on the phenological matching with its host plants. However, the host utilization strategy of A. cardamines appears to render it resilient to relatively large variation in climate.
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| 3. |
- Posledovich, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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Latitudinal variation in thermal reaction norms of post-winter pupal development in two butterflies differing in phenological specialization
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 113:4, s. 981-991
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latitudinal clines in thermal reaction norms of development are a common phenomenon in temperate insects. Populations from higher latitudes often develop faster throughout the range of relevant temperatures (i.e countergradient variation) because they must be able to complete their life cycle within a shorter seasonal time window compared to populations at lower latitudes. In the present study, we experimentally demonstrate that two species of butterflies Anthocharis cardamines (L.) and Pieris napi (L.) instead show a cogradient variation in thermal reaction norms of post-winter pupal development so that lower latitude populations develop faster than higher latitude populations. The two species share host plants but differ in the degree of phenological specialization, as well as in the patterns of voltinism. We suggest that the pattern in A. cardamines, a univoltine phenological specialist feeding exclusively on flowers and seedpods, is the result of selection for matching to the phenological pattern of its local host plants. The other species, P. napi, is a phenological generalist feeding on the leaves of the hosts and it shows a latitudinal cline in voltinism. Because the latitudinal pattern in P. napi was an effect of slow development in a fraction of the pupae from the most northern population, we hypothesize that this population may include both bivoltine and univoltine genotypes. Consequently, although the two species both showed cogradient patterns in thermal reaction norms, it appears likely that this was for different reasons.
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| 4. |
- Toftegaard, Tenna, et al.
(författare)
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Butterfly-host plant synchrony determines patterns of host use across years and regions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 128:4, s. 493-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variation in the degree of synchrony among host plants and herbivores can disrupt or intensify species interactions, alter the strength of natural selection on traits associated with phenological timing, and drive novel host plant associations. We used field observations from three regions during four seasons to examine how timing of the butterfly herbivore Anthocharis cardamines relative to six host plant species (Arabis hirsuta, Cardamine pratensis, Arabis glabra, Arabidopsis thaliana, Thlaspi caerulescens and Capsella bursa-pastoris) influenced host species use and the choice of host plant individuals within populations. Butterflies laid a larger fraction of their eggs on species that were closer to the butterfly's preferred stage of development than on other host species. Within host plant populations, butterflies showed a stronger preference for individuals with a late phenology when plants within the population were on average more developed at the time of butterfly flight. Our results suggest that changes in synchrony between herbivores and their host plants are associated with changes in both host species use and the choice of host plant individuals differing in phenology within populations. This is likely to be an important mechanism generating variation in interaction intensities and trait selection in the wild, and therefore also relevant for understanding how anthropogenic induced changes, such as global warming, will influence natural communities.
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| 5. |
- Toftegaard, Tenna, et al.
(författare)
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Variation in plant thermal reaction norms along a latitudinal gradient - more than adaptation to season length
- 2016
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Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 125:5, s. 622-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the extent to which observed phenological responses to changes in climate are the result of phenotypic plasticity or genetic changes. We also know little about how plasticity, in terms of thermal reaction norms, vary spatially. We investigated if the thermal reaction norms for flower development of five crucifer species (Brassicaceae) differed among three regions along a south-north latitudinal gradient in replicated experiments. The mean response (elevation) of thermal reaction norms of flowering differed among regions in all study species, while sensitivity of flower development to temperature (slope) differed in only one of the species. Differences in mean responses corresponded to cogradient patterns in some species, but countergradient patterns in other. This suggests that differences among regions were not solely the result of adaptation to differences in the length of the growing season, but that other factors, such as herbivory, play an important role. Differences in development rate within species were mainly explained by variation in early phases of bud formation in some species but by variation in later phases of bud formation in other species. The differences in latitudinal patterns of thermal reaction norms among species observed in this study are important, both to identify agents of selection and to predict short- and long-term responses to a warming climate.
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