| 1. |
- Bjorstrom, C. M., et al.
(author)
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Vertical phase separation in spin-coated films of a low bandgap polyfluorene/PCBM blend - Effects of specific substrate interaction
- 2007
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In: Applied Surface Science. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0169-4332 .- 1873-5584. ; 253:8, s. 3906-3912
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We report on the effect of the substrate on the vertical phase separation in spin-coated thin films of poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-5,5-4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benz othiadiazole] (APFO-3) blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Compositional depth profiles of the films are measured by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). We found that changing the substrate from silicon to gold affects the composition profile near the substrate interface. This is caused by a specific interaction between the polymer (APFO-3) and the gold surface, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The composition profile in the area away from the substrate interface, as well as the enrichment of the free surface with APFO-3, remain however unaffected by the choice of substrate. The vertical composition was also analysed for APFO-3:PCBM films spin-coated on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated with a thin layer of (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Björström, Cecilia M., et al.
(author)
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Influence of solvents and substrates on the morphology and the performance of low-bandgap polyfluorene:PCBM photovoltaic devices
- 2006
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In: Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. - Cardiff : SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. - 0277-786X .- 1996-756X. ; 6192, s. 61921X-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spin-coated thin films of poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (APFO-3) blended with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are used as the active material in polymer photovoltaic cells. Such blends are known for their tendency to phase separate during film formation. Tuning the morphology of the blend in a controlled way is one possible road towards higher efficiency. We studied the effect of adding chlorobenzene to chloroform-based blend solutions before spin-coating on the conversion efficiency of APFO-3:PCBM photodiodes, and related that to the lateral and vertical morphology of thin films of the blend. The lateral morphology is imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the vertical compositional profile is obtained by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The profiles reveal compositional variations consisting of multilayers of alternating polymer-rich and PCBM-rich domains in the blend film spin-coated from chloroform. The vertical compositional variations are caused by surface-directed spinodal waves and are frozen in during the rapid evaporation of a highly volatile solvent. With addition of the low-vapour pressure solvent chlorobenzene, a more homogeneous vertical composition is found. The conversion efficiency for solar cells of this blend was found to be optimal for chloroform:chlorobenzene mixtures with a volume-ratio of 80:1. We have also investigated the role of the substrate on the morphology. We found that blend films spin-coated from chloroform solutions on PEDOT:PSS-coated ITO show a similar compositional structure as the films on silicon, and that changing the substrate from silicon to gold only affects the vertical phase separation in a region close to the substrate interface
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| 3. |
- Björström, Cecilia M., et al.
(author)
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Multilayer formation in spin-coated thin films of low-bandgap polyfluorene:PCBM blends
- 2005
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In: Journal of Physics. - Philadelphia : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 17:50, s. L529-L534
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Blends of the low-bandgap polymer poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-5,5- (4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole] (APFO-3) and the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl–C61–butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were spin-coated from chloroform solution into thin films, which were examined with dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry. For blends with high PCBM content, the depth profiles show composition waves that were caused by surface-directed phase separation during spin-coating. The formation of such multilayer structures by spontaneous self-stratification is likely to have implications for optimization strategies for the performance of organic solar cells
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| 4. |
- Blom, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Artificiella landskap
- 2011
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In: Friluftssport och äventyrsidrott. Utmaningar för lärare, ledare och miljö i en föränderlig värld. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144069135 ; , s. 136-137
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 5. |
- Blom, Thomas, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Båstnäs car graveyard: A place that seems to live in its own “time and space bubble”
- 2021
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In: European Journal of Tourism Research. - Varna : Varna University of Management. - 1994-7658 .- 1314-0817. ; 27:2702
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The article serves to highlight the growing trend to visit abandoned places, presently existing without purpose and external actor, but with remnants of previous activity which was ongoing for a limited time. There is a research gap regarding abandoned places which have fallen into oblivion and which have therefore become a tourist attraction. It is therefore important to discuss how non-planned tourist places are expressed and challenged in the process of gradually ceasing to exist. The aim of this article is to discuss how former activity in rural places expected to disappear can develop from being a problem to becoming a tourist attraction, without a clear producer perspective driving the process. Our overall focus is to highlight visitors' experience of place that involves a transition from the expected disappearance to a "legal", non-planned attraction with a preservation tourist value. The article is based on qualitative interviews with key individuals because they were expected to be able to summarise and represent various perspectives. The article concludes that this form of tourism represents a substantial deviation from the traditional relationships that constitute the tourism industry but is perceived to have a potential in the tourism industry.
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| 6. |
- Blom, Thomas, Professor, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Dödens platser och deras attraktionsvärde
- 2024
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In: Dödens geografi. - Stockholm : Svenska sällskapet för antropologi och geografi. - 9789198928006 ; , s. 179-200
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tänk på döden! En påminnelse som på mer än ett sätt inramar diskussionerna i föreliggande kapitel, vars fokus ligger på vår längtan av att besöka platser som förknippas med död. Döden, sett utifrån de moderna västerländska samhällenas kontext, anses utgöra något av ett mysterium. I konkurrensen att locka turister till en viss plats strävar ständigt turismproducenterna att utveckla attraktioner som vi i egenskap av turister förväntas vilja bli delaktiga av. Begravnings/minnesplatser där ond bråd död utgör en betydelsefull ingrediens är exempel på sådana attraktioner. Syftet med kapitel o antologin är att diskutera fältet ”Mörk turism” genom att belysa begravnings/minnesplatser i en turismkontext där döden är i fokus. Empirin är hämtad från ett urval av så kallade dödens platser i Sverige där platsens turistiska eller icke-turistiska inriktning på skilda sätt och med olika intensitet uppmärksammas och hos oss i rollen som turist skapar intresse.
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| 7. |
- Blom, Thomas, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Frusen tid - eller lockelsen av det icke tillrättalagda
- 2019
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In: Geografiska Notiser. - Lund : Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi, SSAG. - 0016-724X. ; 77:1-2, s. 59-69
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Att resa och utifrån den enskilda individens perspektiv besöka och uppleva nya platser och attraktioner är för många en viktig del av livet. Vad är det då som fängslar vår nyfikenhet så att vi bestämmer oss för att genomföra en resa? Vi söker efter platser som över tid blivit en attraktion, men som initialt ur olika perspektiv ansågs vara problematiska och där det offentligas hållning initialt var att platsens attraktion skulle försvunnit alternativt glömts bort. Med denna utgångspunkt är syftet med föreliggande artikel att sätta ljuset på den form av verksamheter som varit föremål för utredningar av det offentliga om att tas bort eller på annat sätt inte ge allmänheten tillgång till platsen, men som efterhand utvecklats till att vara en besöksattraktion och därmed istället ses som en resurs för platsen och regionen.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Blom, Thomas, Professor, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Geographical Discrepancies in Higher Education in Sweden
- 2024
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In: Rural and Regional Development. - Hong Kong, China : Sciepublish. - 2959-2119. ; 2:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a growing awareness of the importance of higher education in Sweden to reduce social differences in society.There are also various mechanisms that individuals relate to that favour either the status quo or change based on an ideal of highereducation. Individuals live in a geographical context with a number of ‘key actors’ who influence the perception of higher educationwith varying degrees of intensity. Paradoxically, despite several reforms to broaden recruitment, it can be seen that relativeinequalities persist in terms of residents with higher education in Sweden, not least from a regional perspective. The purpose of thisarticle is to shed light on geographical differences in the higher education level of the population over time from a Swedishperspective. The study shows that higher education has a geographical centre-periphery perspective, but not exclusively. There arethus additional influencing factors that in various ways relate to the social context in which the individual is located. We canconclude from our empirical data that the reforms implemented to broaden recruitment have not had the desired effect, especiallyfor the group of men. We find it likely that what differentiates women and men is who their individual ‘key players’ are and howthey interact. From an academic education perspective and as an intermediary of higher education, there is therefore a challenge tobe able to identify who these “key players” are in order to be able to be an important actor in contributing to the desired broaderrecruitment that the government is strivinging to achieve.
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| 10. |
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