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Sökning: WFRF:(Nordberg A) > Bokkapitel

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1.
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2.
  • Nordberg, Gunnar F., et al. (författare)
  • Introduction-General Considerations and International Perspectives
  • 2007. - 3
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd Edition. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 1-9
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • This introductory chapter is composed of two parts. The first section is a brief history of the science of the toxicology of metals by the late Dr. Lars Friberg. He delineates the early realization of the need for international cooperation and consensus that have guided seminal studies related to environmental and occupational toxicology. In this spirit, he initiated work on the first edition of the Handbook of Toxicology of Metals that included contributors from around the world. The second section takes up some current concerns related to the toxicology of metals. It highlights such concerns in relation to the current status of the scientific understanding to date of the metals included and discussed fully in the chapters of the Handbook. Furthermore, it draws attention to future directions in generating new knowledge to fill gaps in the continued quest to assemble the knowledge base necessary for the protection of human health from adverse consequences related to exposure to metals.
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3.
  • Nordberg, Gunnar F., et al. (författare)
  • Preface
  • 2007. - 3
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd Edition. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780123694133 ; , s. V-V
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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4.
  • Nordberg, Gunnar F, et al. (författare)
  • Toxicology of metals : overview, definitions, concepts, and trends
  • 2015. - 4
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - : Academic Press. - 9780123982926 ; , s. 3-14
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Metals and their compounds have long been recognized as important toxic agents, causing acute and chronic poisoning cases in occupational settings and in environmental high-exposure situations. In recent years it has been demonstrated in epidemiological studies that exposures in the general environment to low levels of toxic metals may make an important contribution to the global burden of disease. Furthermore, deficient intakes of essential metals through food give rise to a considerable burden of disease from a global perspective. There is an obvious need for preventive action to decrease this global burden of disease. It is also important to address current concerns for possible increases of metal exposures. This chapter highlights such concerns in relation to the current status of the scientific understanding of the metals included and discussed fully in the relevant chapters of this Handbook. Furthermore, it draws attention to future directions for generating new knowledge to fill gaps in the continued quest to assemble the knowledge base necessary for the protection of human health from adverse consequences related to exposure to metals.
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5.
  • Nordberg, Gunnar, et al. (författare)
  • Preface
  • 2015. - 4
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - : Elsevier. - 9780123973399 - 9780444594532 ; , s. v-vi
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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6.
  • Skerfving, Staffan, et al. (författare)
  • Lead
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 599-599
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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7.
  • Aitio, Antero, et al. (författare)
  • Biological Monitoring and Biomarkers
  • 2007. - 3
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd Edition. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 65-78
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Biomonitoring was developed for the assessment of the health risks from exposure to metals at work, and the approaches and concepts of biomonitoring are derived from such exposures. At present, biomonitoring is increasingly used to assess exposure from the environment. Biomonitoring and assessment of external exposure are complementing activities, where the exposure assessments are much more widely applied, especially when the number of chemicals concerned is considered; environmental analysis also offers the distinct advantage of speciation analysis, which is very poorly developed for biomonitoring. Biomonitoring, on the other hand, provides information on exposure from all sources, and via all absorption routes, and also considers accumulation of the chemical in the body. Biomonitoring using exposure biomarkers thus considers interindividual differences in the absorption, whereas use of effect biomarkers also considers interindividual differences in sensitivity. Few effect biomarkers, however, have been validated. Biomarkers of susceptibility have so far not been adapted for use in metal toxicology. The major challenges of biomonitoring are the development of monitoring methods, which are inexpensive enough to be applied at a frequency that makes possible meaningful biomonitoring of metals with a short half-time; development of exposure biomarker guidance values specific to individual species of different metals; expansion of the repertoire of validated effect biomarkers; and validation and application to effect monitoring of the "omic" technologies.
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8.
  • Holler, James S, et al. (författare)
  • Silver
  • 2015. - 4
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the toxicology of metals. - : Academic Press. - 9780123982933 ; , s. 1209-1216
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Silver compounds may be absorbed through inhalation, but there are no quantitative human data on the extent of this phenomenon. Silver salts may be absorbed by up to 10-20% after ingestion. After ingestion in humans, the highest concentrations of silver are usually found in the liver and spleen, but also to some extent in the muscles, skin, and brain. The biological half-time for silver ranges from a few days for animals up to approximately 50 days for the human liver; it is possible that skin deposits have an even longer half-time, but there are no quantitative data on this for humans. Silver binds to high molecular weight proteins and metallothionein in tissue cytosol fractions. Excretion of silver from the body is primarily biliary. Silver nanoparticles have been shown to be absorbed by both inhalation and oral routes, resulting in deposition in various organ systems. Water-soluble silver compounds such as the nitrate have a local corrosive effect and may cause fatal poisoning if swallowed accidentally. Chronic exposure of humans leads to argyria, a clinical entity characterized by gray-blue pigmentation of the skin and other body viscera. Repeated exposure of animals to silver may produce anemia, cardiac enlargement, growth retardation, and degenerative changes in the liver.
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9.
  • Holler, James S., et al. (författare)
  • Silver
  • 2007. - 3
  • Ingår i: Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, 3rd edition. - San Diego : Elsevier. - 9780123694133 ; , s. 809-814
  • Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Silver compounds may be absorbed through inhalation, but there are no quantitative human data on the extent of this phenomenon. Silver salts may be absorbed by up to 10-20% after ingestion. The highest concentrations of silver are usually found in the liver and spleen, and to some extent in the muscles, skin, and brain after ingestion. The biological half-time for silver ranges from a few days for animals up to approximately 50 days for the human liver; it is possible that skin deposits have an even longer half-time, but there are no quantitative data on this for man. Silver binds to high-molecular-weight proteins and metallothionein in tissue cytosol fractions. Excretion of silver from the body is primarily biliary. Water-soluble silver compounds such as the nitrate have a local corrosive effect and may cause fatal poisoning if swallowed accidentally. Chronic exposure of humans leads to argyria, a clinical entity characterized by grey-blue pigmentation of the skin and other body viscera. Repeated exposure of animals to silver may produce anemia, cardiac enlargement, growth retardation, and degenerative changes in the liver.
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10.
  • Hreggvidsson, Gudmundur O, et al. (författare)
  • Biocatalytic refining of polysaccharides from brown seaweeds
  • 2020. - 1
  • Ingår i: Sustainable Seaweed Technologies : Cultivation, Biorefinery and Applications - Cultivation, Biorefinery and Applications. - 9780128179444 - 9780128179437 ; , s. 447-504
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brown macroalgae constitute 40% of the global production of seaweed, corresponding to approximately 10 million tonnes annually. Traditionally, seaweeds have been the source of hydrocolloids, food, and feed products. Due to possibilities for large-scale farming, brown macroalgae are a biomass with considerable potential for increased utilization. The main constituent polysaccharides, being alginate, cellulose, laminaran, and fucoidan, are the components of greatest importance for biorefinery usage. The polysaccharides can be extracted and applied for their physical or bioactive properties or used as a carbon source for microbial conversions to biofuels and commodity chemicals. The structural complexity and heterogeneous sugar composition of the polysaccharides make them a challenging biorefinery feedstock. These challenges can be overcome by the increasingly innovative biocatalytic tools, enzymes and microbes, that are being developed and that can be expected to open new opportunities and expand the product portfolio. However, there are still knowledge gaps, and further understanding is required on the molecular level of these interesting polymers, the tools, the refining possibilities, as well as transforming this knowledge to innovations—processes and products.
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