| 1. |
- Abel, I, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
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| 2. |
- Romanelli, F, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
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| 3. |
- Akkoyun, S., et al.
(författare)
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AGATA - Advanced GAmma Tracking Array
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 0167-5087 .- 1872-9576. ; 668, s. 26-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Advanced GAmma Tracking Array (AGATA) is a European project to develop and operate the next generation γ-ray spectrometer. AGATA is based on the technique of γ-ray energy tracking in electrically segmented high-purity germanium crystals. This technique requires the accurate determination of the energy, time and position of every interaction as a γ ray deposits its energy within the detector volume. Reconstruction of the full interaction path results in a detector with very high efficiency and excellent spectral response. The realisation of γ-ray tracking and AGATA is a result of many technical advances. These include the development of encapsulated highly segmented germanium detectors assembled in a triple cluster detector cryostat, an electronics system with fast digital sampling and a data acquisition system to process the data at a high rate. The full characterisation of the crystals was measured and compared with detector- response simulations. This enabled pulse-shape analysis algorithms, to extract energy, time and position, to be employed. In addition, tracking algorithms for event reconstruction were developed. The first phase of AGATA is now complete and operational in its first physics campaign. In the future AGATA will be moved between laboratories in Europe and operated in a series of campaigns to take advantage of the different beams and facilities available to maximise its science output. The paper reviews all the achievements made in the AGATA project including all the necessary infrastructure to operate and support the spectrometer. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Luoni, F., et al.
(författare)
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Total nuclear reaction cross-section database for radiation protection in space and heavy-ion therapy applications
- 2021
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Ingår i: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 23:10
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Realistic nuclear reaction cross-section models are an essential ingredient of reliable heavy-ion transport codes. Such codes are used for risk evaluation of manned space exploration missions as well as for ion-beam therapy dose calculations and treatment planning. Therefore, in this study, a collection of total nuclear reaction cross-section data has been generated within a GSI-ESA-NASA collaboration. The database includes the experimentally measured total nucleus-nucleus reaction cross-sections. The Tripathi, Kox, Shen, Kox-Shen, and Hybrid-Kurotama models are systematically compared with the collected data. Details about the implementation of the models are given. Literature gaps are pointed out and considerations are made about which models fit best the existing data for the most relevant systems to radiation protection in space and heavy-ion therapy.
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| 6. |
- Vogel, L., et al.
(författare)
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Early in-flight detection of SO2 via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy: a feasible aviation safety measure to prevent potential encounters with volcanic plumes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 4:9, s. 1785-1804
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Volcanic ash constitutes a risk to aviation, mainly due to its ability to cause jet engines to fail. Other risks include the possibility of abrasion of windshields and potentially serious damage to avionic systems. These hazards have been widely recognized since the early 1980s, when volcanic ash provoked several incidents of engine failure in commercial aircraft. In addition to volcanic ash, volcanic gases also pose a threat. Prolonged and/or cumulative exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) or sulphuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) aerosols potentially affects e. g. windows, air frame and may cause permanent damage to engines. SO(2) receives most attention among the gas species commonly found in volcanic plumes because its presence above the lower troposphere is a clear proxy for a volcanic cloud and indicates that fine ash could also be present. Up to now, remote sensing of SO(2) via Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) in the ultraviolet spectral region has been used to measure volcanic clouds from ground based, airborne and satellite platforms. Attention has been given to volcanic emission strength, chemistry inside volcanic clouds and measurement procedures were adapted accordingly. Here we present a set of experimental and model results, highlighting the feasibility of DOAS to be used as an airborne early detection system of SO(2) in two spatial dimensions. In order to prove our new concept, simultaneous airborne and ground-based measurements of the plume of Popocatepetl volcano, Mexico, were conducted in April 2010. The plume extended at an altitude around 5250 m above sea level and was approached and traversed at the same altitude with several forward looking DOAS systems aboard an airplane. These DOAS systems measured SO(2) in the flight direction and at +/- 40 mrad (2.3 degrees) angles relative to it in both, horizontal and vertical directions. The approaches started at up to 25 km distance to the plume and SO(2) was measured at all times well above the detection limit. In combination with radiative transfer studies, this study indicates that an extended volcanic cloud with a concentration of 10(12) molecules cm(-3) at typical flight levels of 10 km can be detected unambiguously at distances of up to 80 km away. This range provides enough time (approx. 5 min) for pilots to take action to avoid entering a volcanic cloud in the flight path, suggesting that this technique can be used as an effective aid to prevent dangerous aircraft encounters with potentially ash rich volcanic clouds.
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| 7. |
- Li, J. H., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of Active Species in Cu-Beta Zeolite by Temperature-Programmed Reduction Mass Spectrometry (TPR-MS)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Topics in Catalysis. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1572-9028 .- 1022-5528. ; 56:1-8, s. 201-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number and type of copper species present in an under-exchanged Cu-Beta zeolite catalyst were characterized using temperature-programmed reduction mass spectrometry (TPR-MS). Both H-2 consumption and H2O evolution were tracked, yielding additional insights into the nature of Cu species. Prior to the TPR-MS tests, catalyst samples were subjected to various high- temperature aging treatments in the presence of O-2 in He, in order to assist with interrogating and resolving different types of sites. Absence of reducible species in the precursor material was confirmed by subjecting the H-form of the same zeolite to the TPR. Upon aging at temperatures below 700 A degrees C, the TPR pattern showed several distinct peaks of different intensities. Aging at 800 A degrees C led to shifting and broadening of these H-2 consumption peaks, as well as to some reduction of the integral amount of the reducible sites. The 900 A degrees C exposure resulted in a drastic change of the TPR pattern, with several new well-resolved H-2 consumption peaks, indicative of drastic changes in the catalyst structure. The integral amount of H-2 consumed quantitatively matched the amount of Cu species present in the catalyst, assuming the stoichiometry. The combination of experimental findings in this work lends support to a hypothesis that different TPR peaks are indicative of different types of sites rather than of step-wise reduction of copper species.
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| 8. |
- Smets, Benoît, et al.
(författare)
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Detailed multidisciplinary monitoring reveals pre- and co-eruptive signals at Nyamulagira volcano (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Volcanology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0258-8900 .- 1432-0819. ; 76:787, s. 1-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a thorough description of Nyamulagira’s January 2010 volcanic eruption (North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo), based on a combination of field observation and ground-based and space-borne data. It is the first eruption in the Virunga Volcanic Province that has been described by a combination of several modern monitoring techniques. The 2010 eruption lasted 26 days and emitted ∼45.5 × 106 m3 of lava. Field observations divided the event into four eruptive stages delimited by major changes in effusive activity. These stages are consistent with those described by Pouclet (1976) for historical eruptions of Nyamulagira. Co-eruptive signals from ground deformation, seismicity, SO2 emission and thermal flux correlate with the eruptive stages. Unambiguous pre-eruptive ground deformation was observed 3 weeks before the lava outburst, coinciding with a small but clear increase in the short period seismicity and SO2 emission. The 3 weeks of precursors contrasts with the only precursory signal previously recognized in the Virunga Volcanic Province, the short-term increase of tremor and long period seismicity, which, for example, were only detected less than 2 h prior to the 2010 eruption. The present paper is the most detailed picture of a typical flank eruption of this volcano. It provides valuable tools for re-examining former—mostly qualitative—descriptions of historical Nyamulagira eruptions that occurred during the colonial period.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Wilken, Norman, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Heat of adsorption for NH3, NO2 and NO on Cu-Beta zeolite using microcalorimeter for NH3 SCR applications
- 2010
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Ingår i: Catalysis Today. - : Elsevier BV. - 0920-5861. ; 151:3-4, s. 237-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microcalorimetry is a powerful technique with which to measure the heat of adsorption (Delta H), producing values that are very important when developing kinetic models. The method provides a way of determining these parameters independently. For kinetic models describing NH3 SCR it is critical to be able to accurately describe the storage of ammonia and NO in order to simulate rapid transients occurring in the experiments. The objective of our study is to measure the heat of adsorption of NH3, NO2 and NO on Cu-Beta. An ammonia TPD experiment was conducted at 150 degrees C using the microcalorimeter, resulting in the observation of an exotherm when introducing ammonia due to adsorption. This resulted in an average heat of adsorption of -100 kJ/mol. A good reproducibility was found when using a second sample, resulting in -97 kJ/mol. In order to investigate the coverage dependence of the heat of adsorption, an ammonia stepwise experiment was conducted. First, the catalyst was exposed to NH3 at 500 degrees C, resulting in the adsorption of strongly bound ammonia and obtaining a heat of adsorption of -110 kJ/mol. Thereafter, the catalyst was cooled in Ar and at 400 degrees C, NH3 was again introduced. Due to that the temperature is lower the ammonia that adsorbed was weaker. The procedure was repeated at 300, 200 and 100 degrees C, resulting in a coverage dependent activation energy for ammonia desorption (if assuming zero activation for adsorption) according to the following formula: E-desorption,NH3 = 120.0 (1 - 0.38 theta(NH3)) where theta(NH3) is the coverage of ammonia on the surface. The NO and NO2 adsorption and desorption were investigated using NO and NO2 TPD experiments, respectively. For the NO2 TPD experiment, approximately three NO2 were stored for each NO produced, corresponding to the disproportionation mechanism. This resulted in Delta H of -65 kJ/mol per NO2 consumed. The NO TPD experiment resulted in that only small amounts of NO was adsorbed. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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