| 1. |
- Backman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Dopamine and training-related working-memory improvement
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Elsevier. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 37:9, s. 2209-2219
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Converging evidence indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in working-memory (WM) functioning and that WM is trainable. We review recent work suggesting that DA is critically involved in the ability to benefit from WM interventions. Functional MRI studies reveal increased striatal BOLD activity following certain forms of WM interventions, such as updating training. Increased striatal BOLD activity has also been linked to transfer of learning to non-trained WM tasks, suggesting a neural signature of transfer. The striatal BOLD signal is partly determined by DA activity. Consistent with this assertion, PET research demonstrates increased striatal DA release during updating of information in WM after training. Genetic studies indicate larger increases in WM performance post training for those who carry advantageous alleles of DA-relevant genes. These patterns of results corroborate the role of DA in WM improvement. Future research avenues include: (a) neuromodulatory correlates of transfer; (b) the potential of WM training to enhance DA release in older adults; (c) comparisons among different WM processes (i.e., updating, switching, inhibition) regarding regional patterns of training-related DA release; and (d) gene-gene interactions in relation to training-related WM gains.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bäckman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
-
Linking cognitive aging to alterations in dopamine neurotransmitter functioning : Recent data and future avenues
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 34:5, s. 670-677
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular-imaging studies of dopaminergic neurotransmission measure biomarkers of dopamine (DA), such as the DA transporter and D(1) and D(2) receptor densities in the living brain. These studies indicate that individual differences in DA functions are linked to cognitive performance irrespective of age, and serve as powerful mediators of age-related decline in executive functioning, episodic memory, and perceptual speed. This focused review targets several recent findings pertaining to these relationships. Specifically, we discuss novel evidence concerning (a) the role of DA in within-person cognitive variability; (b) age-related differences in DA release during cognitive processing; (c) DA release following cognitive training in younger and older adults; and (d) the relationship between DA and task-induced functional brain activity. Based on these lines of empirical inquiry, we outline a series of avenues for future research on aging, DA, and cognition.
|
|
| 3. |
- Bratt, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
The Study of Active Monitoring in Sweden (SAMS) : A randomized study comparing two different follow-up schedules for active surveillance of low-risk prostate cancer
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Urology. - : Medical Journals Sweden AB. - 2168-1805 .- 2168-1813. ; 47:5, s. 347-355
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. Only a minority of patients with low-risk prostate cancer needs treatment, but the methods for optimal selection of patients for treatment are not established. This article describes the Study of Active Monitoring in Sweden (SAMS), which aims to improve those methods. Material and methods. SAMS is a prospective, multicentre study of active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer. It consists of a randomized part comparing standard rebiopsy and follow-up with an extensive initial rebiopsy coupled with less intensive follow-up and no further scheduled biopsies (SAMS-FU), as well as an observational part (SAMS-ObsQoL). Quality of life is assessed with questionnaires and compared with patients receiving primary curative treatment. SAMS-FU is planned to randomize 500 patients and SAMS-ObsQoL to include at least 500 patients during 5 years. The primary endpoint is conversion to active treatment. The secondary endpoints include symptoms, distant metastases and mortality. All patients will be followed for 10-15 years. Results. Inclusion started in October 2011. In March 2013, 148 patients were included at 13 Swedish urological centres. Conclusions. It is hoped that the results of SAMS will contribute to fewer patients with indolent, low-risk prostate cancer receiving unnecessary treatment and more patients on active surveillance who need treatment receiving it when the disease is still curable. The less intensive investigational follow-up in the SAMS-FU trial would reduce the healthcare resources allocated to this large group of patients if it replaced the present standard schedule.
|
|
| 4. |
- Cabeza, Roberto, et al.
(författare)
-
Maintenance, reserve and compensation : the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nature Reviews Neuroscience. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1471-003X .- 1471-0048. ; 19:11, s. 701-710
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cognitive ageing research examines the cognitive abilities that are preserved and/or those that decline with advanced age. There is great individual variability in cognitive ageing trajectories. Some older adults show little decline in cognitive ability compared with young adults and are thus termed ‘optimally ageing’. By contrast, others exhibit substantial cognitive decline and may develop dementia. Human neuroimaging research has led to a number of important advances in our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying these two outcomes. However, interpreting the age-related changes and differences in brain structure, activation and functional connectivity that this research reveals is an ongoing challenge. Ambiguous terminology is a major source of difficulty in this venture. Three terms in particular — compensation, maintenance and reserve — have been used in a number of different ways, and researchers continue to disagree about the kinds of evidence or patterns of results that are required to interpret findings related to these concepts. As such inconsistencies can impede progress in both theoretical and empirical research, here, we aim to clarify and propose consensual definitions of these terms.
|
|
| 5. |
- Elbe, Pia, et al.
(författare)
-
Computerized Cognitive Interventions for Adults With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Neuropsychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0894-4105 .- 1931-1559. ; 37:5, s. 519-530
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Treatments for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are understudied, compared to children and adolescents with the same condition. In this systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the outcomes of computerized cognitive training (CCT) interventions in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including adults with ADHD.Method: Cognitive outcomes and ADHD symptom severity were analyzed separately. In addition, the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities was used to categorize outcome variables into subdomains, which were analyzed separately in a subsequent analysis.Results: The results revealed a small positive change in overall cognitive functioning, a measure of all cognitive outcomes in each study, for individuals who took part in CCT compared to controls (k = 9, Hedge’s g = 0.235, 95% CI [0.002, 0.467], p = 0.048, τ2 = 0.000, I2 = 0.000). However, neither symptom severity nor specific cognitive outcomes (executive functioning, cognitive speed, or working memory) showed a significant improvement.Conclusions: We analyzed the risk of bias in the chosen studies and discuss the findings in terms of effect size. It is concluded that CCT has a small positive effect in adults with ADHD. Due to the lack of heterogeneity in intervention designs across the included studies, increased heterogeneity in future studies could help inform clinicians about the aspects of CCT, such as training type and length, that are most beneficial for this group.
|
|
| 6. |
- Eriksson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
-
Neurocognitive Architecture of Working Memory
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Neuron. - : CELL PRESS. - 0896-6273 .- 1097-4199. ; 88:1, s. 33-46
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A crucial role for working memory in temporary information processing and guidance of complex behavior has been recognized for many decades. There is emerging consensus that working-memory maintenance results from the interactions among long-term memory representations and basic processes, including attention, that are instantiated as reentrant loops between frontal and posterior cortical areas, as well as sub-cortical structures. The nature of such interactions can account for capacity limitations, lifespan changes, and restricted transfer after working-memory training. Recent data and models indicate that working memory may also be based on synaptic plasticity and that working memory can operate on non-consciously perceived information.
|
|
| 7. |
- Fransson, Eleonor, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
-
Job strain as a risk factor for leisure-time physical inactivity : an individual-participant meta-analysis of up to 170,000 men and women
- 2012
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Epidemiology. - Cary : Oxford University Press. - 0002-9262 .- 1476-6256. ; 176:12, s. 1078-1089
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unfavorable work characteristics, such as low job control and too high or too low job demands, have been suggested to increase the likelihood of physical inactivity during leisure time, but this has not been verified in large-scale studies. The authors combined individual-level data from 14 European cohort studies (baseline years from 19851988 to 20062008) to examine the association between unfavorable work characteristics and leisure-time physical inactivity in a total of 170,162 employees (50 women; mean age, 43.5 years). Of these employees, 56,735 were reexamined after 29 years. In cross-sectional analyses, the odds for physical inactivity were 26 higher (odds ratio 1.26, 95 confidence interval: 1.15, 1.38) for employees with high-strain jobs (low control/high demands) and 21 higher (odds ratio 1.21, 95 confidence interval: 1.11, 1.31) for those with passive jobs (low control/low demands) compared with employees in low-strain jobs (high control/low demands). In prospective analyses restricted to physically active participants, the odds of becoming physically inactive during follow-up were 21 and 20 higher for those with high-strain (odds ratio 1.21, 95 confidence interval: 1.11, 1.32) and passive (odds ratio 1.20, 95 confidence interval: 1.11, 1.30) jobs at baseline. These data suggest that unfavorable work characteristics may have a spillover effect on leisure-time physical activity.
|
|
| 8. |
- Förlin, Lars, 1950, et al.
(författare)
-
Fokus Kvädöfjärden - Varför mår kustfisken dåligt?
- 2014
-
Ingår i: HAVET 2013/2014. - 1654-6741. ; år 2014, s. 26-30
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abborre och tånglake längs kusten har länge visat tecken på att de inte mår bra. Inte ens i områden som förutsätts vara mer eller mindre opåverkade av miljögifter, som exempelvis Kvädöfjärden i Östergötland. Här samarbetar nu flera forskare i ett nytt stort projekt för att försöka ta reda på om det är just miljögifter som är orsaken till den dåliga fiskhälsan. I så fall vilka och var kommer de ifrån? Det är en stor uppgift med många utmaningar och jakten på orsaker har bara börjat.
|
|
| 9. |
- Hanson, Niklas, 1976, et al.
(författare)
-
Förändringar i fiskhälsa - orsaker söks på bred front
- 2012
-
Ingår i: HAVET 2012 - Om miljötillståndet i svenska havsområden. - 1654-6741. ; år 2012, s. 85-87
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kustfiskens hälsa har blivit allt mer påverkad under de senaste 20–25 åren. Mycket tyder på att det beror på miljögifter. Samtidigt minskar halterna av de miljögifter som övervakas i samma fiskar. Det tyder på att det är andra, kanske okända, miljögifter som ligger bakom. I ett nytt samverkansprojekt ska man försöka ta reda på orsakerna.
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
