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- Lee, Kuan, et al.
(författare)
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Aerodynamic Shape Optimization via Global Extremum Seeking
- 2015
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. - 1558-0865. ; 23:6, s. 2336-2343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimization of aerodynamic shapes using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches has been successfully demonstrated over a number of years; however, the typical optimization approaches employed utilize gradient algorithms that guarantee only the local optimality of the solution. While numerous global optimization techniques exist, they are usually too time consuming in practice. In this brief, a modified global optimization algorithm (DIRECT-L) is introduced and is utilized in the context of sampled-data global extremum seeking. The theoretical framework and conditions under which the convergence to the steady state of the CFD solver can be interpreted as plant dynamics are stated. This method alleviates the computational burden by reducing sampling and requiring only partial convergence of the CFD solver for each iteration of the optimization design process. The approach is demonstrated on a simple example involving drag minimization on a 2-D aerofoil.
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- Standing, Joseph F, et al.
(författare)
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Prospective observational study of adverse drug reactions to diclofenac in children
- 2009
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Ingår i: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. - : Wiley. - 0306-5251 .- 1365-2125. ; 68:2, s. 243-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- center dot Diclofenac is frequently used off-label in children for acute pain, but little information is available on diclofenac adverse drug reactions in this population. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS center dot The common adverse drug reactions of diclofenac for acute pain in children are of a similar type to those seen in adults. center dot Serious adverse reactions occur in < 0.8% of children and the incidence of diclofenac-induced bronchospasm in asthmatic children is < 2.7%. AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the type of common (occurring in > 1% of patients) adverse reactions caused by diclofenac when given to children for acute pain. METHODS A prospective observational study was undertaken on paediatric surgical patents aged < 12 years at Great Ormond Street and University College London Hospitals. All adverse events were recorded, and causality assessment used to judge the likelihood of them being due to diclofenac. Prospective recruitment meant not all patients were prescribed diclofenac, allowing an analysis of utilization. Causality of all serious adverse events was reviewed by an expert panel. RESULTS Children prescribed diclofenac were significantly older, and stayed in hospital for shorter periods than those who were not. Diclofenac was not avoided in asthmatic patients. Data on 380 children showed they suffer similar types of nonserious adverse reactions to adults. The incidence (95% confidence interval) of rash was 0.8% (0.016, 2.3); minor central nervous system disturbance 0.5% (0.06, 1.9); rectal irritation with suppositories 0.3% (0.009, 1.9); and diarrhoea 0.3% (0.007, 1.5). No serious adverse event was judged to be caused by diclofenac, meaning the incidence of serious adverse reactions to diclofenac in children is < 0.8%. CONCLUSION Children given diclofenac for acute pain appeared to suffer similar types of adverse reactions to adults; the incidence of serious adverse reaction is < 0.8%.
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