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- Ortiz Rios, Rodomiro Octavio
(author)
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Food security in Amazonia : a report for Global Canopy Programme and International Center for Tropical Agriculture
- 2013
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rainforest, providing a wide array of ecosystem services that support human life and more than 2000 species of plants with nutritional and medicinal value. While the basin is among the least populated dense forests on Earth, it hosts around 39 million people and possesses an invaluable cultural richness: over 420 different indigenous groups who speak around 86 distinct languages (UNEP et al., 2009). However, despite this natural wealth, Amazonia’s ecosystems are continuously threatened by human interventions and changes in climate, severely impacting the food security of their population. This report provides an overview of Amazonia's food security and the associated threats in the region, such as land use change and climate change and variability. The aim of this research effort is twofold: first, it attempts to identify those regions and populations in the Amazon basin that need more attention when it comes to hunger alleviation and improvements in nutrition, given the food security status. Second, based on a thorough analysis of natural and man-driven threats to ecosystem service provision and how these are linked to food production, delivery and access in the region, to discuss various policy pathways that could guarantee social, economic and environmental sustainability in the Amazon. The study focuses on five countries that share territory in the Amazon basin, namely Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It is based on literature review of current knowledge on the impacts of land use change and climate change on ecosystem services, linkages between ecosystem services and/or threats and food security, as well as on best-practices experiences to sustainably manage ecosystems and agricultural systems in the region. Data for the state of food security has been collected from national and United Nations’ statistics database. However, it is worthwhile mentioning that in large parts, this type of data has been inconsistent, not updated and not disaggregated per Department. Furthermore, we used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in order to estimate projected changes in temperature and precipitation in the Amazon basin, as well as to collect data on vegetation cover change (e.g. deforestation), by means of satellite imagery analysis. Section 2 begins with a brief overview of the definition of food security and some of the most commonly used indicators to measure it. Section 3 is dedicated to the methodology used for this study, including a discussion of the challenges related to data collection. Section 4 is dedicated to the analysis of linkages between ecosystem services and food security, both in general and in particular - for the Amazon region. In Section 5 we present an overview of agricultural production in the basin, attempting to link it with the state of food security for the Amazonian people. Section 6 expands the discussion on factors that affect the provision of ecosystem services and thus drive food insecurity, such as land use change and climate change and variability. In Section 7 we discuss in brief the different populations that are affected by these threats, while the last Section summarizes the findings and presents a variety of policy options that can minimize trade-offs between agricultural production, environmental sustainability and social development, based on suggestions identified in the literature. Short case studies or concrete examples from the region are provided throughout the entire report, in order to illustrate threats to food security, impacts of previous extreme climate events or sustainable options for producing food locally and achieving food security.
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- Ortiz Rios, Rodomiro Octavio
(author)
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Introduction
- 2012
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In: Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding of Bananas. - 9781578087884 ; , s. 1-33
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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- Ortiz Rios, Rodomiro Octavio
(author)
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Map-based cloning in Musa spp
- 2012
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In: Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Bananas. - : Science Publishers. - 9781578087884 ; , s. 124-155
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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- Ortiz Rios, Rodomiro Octavio
(author)
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Marker-aided breeding revolutionizes twenty-first century crop improvement
- 2012
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In: Seed development: omics technologies toward improvement of seed quality and crop yield. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 9789400747487 ; , s. 435-452
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The ever increasing human population always needs more healthy and nutritious food, produced in environmentally sustainable ways. Marker-aided breeding significantly contributes towards this priority goal. Molecular markers are mainly identifiable DNA sequences present in the genome and follow the Mendelian inheritance. In present time, a broad range of molecular markers are available for various crops. Advances in crop genome sequencing, high resolution genetic mapping, and precise phenotyping largely help the discovery of functional alleles and allelic variation associated with traits of interest for plant breeding. This chapter provides a brief overview on DNA markers and their use in crop breeding with examples in rice (as the model for inbreeding species) and maize (as an out-crossing species). Molecular marker-aided breeding undoubtedly speeds the conventional breeding process and makes crop improvement more precise. Availability of physical maps, genomes sequences, and high-throughput technologies will also facilitate in developing new molecular breeding approaches in this twenty-first century.
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- Ortiz Rios, Rodomiro Octavio
(author)
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Molecular mapping of complex traits
- 2012
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In: Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Bananas. - 9781578087884 ; , s. 116-123
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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