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- Feigin, Valery L, et al.
(author)
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Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016.
- 2018
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In: The New England journal of medicine. - 1533-4406 .- 0028-4793. ; 379:25, s. 2429-2437
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases.We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate.The estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low-SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation.In 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
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- Caprotti, Olga, 1964, et al.
(author)
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High-quality translation: Molto tools and applications
- 2012
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In: The fourth Swedish Language Technology Conference (SLTC).
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- MOLTO (Multilingual On Line Translation, FP7-ICT-247914, www.molto-project.eu) is a European project focusing on translation on the web. MOLTO targets translation that has production quality, that is, usable for quick and reliable dissemination of information. MOLTO’s main focus is to increase the productivity of such translation systems, building on the technology of GF (Grammatical Framework) and its Resource Grammar Library. But MOLTO also develops hybrid methods which increase the quality of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) by adding linguistic information, or bootstrap grammatical models from statistical models. This paper gives a brief overview of MOLTO’s latest achievements, many of which are more thoroughly described in separate papers and available as web-based demos and as open-source software.
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- Pfeffer, M. A., et al.
(author)
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SO 2 emission rates and incorporation into the air pollution dispersion forecast during the 2021 eruption of Fagradalsfjall, Iceland
- 2024
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In: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - 0377-0273. ; 449
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During the low-effusion rate Fagradalsfjall eruption (19 March – 18 September 2021), the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was frequently measured using ground-based UV spectrometers. The total SO2 emitted during the entire eruption was 970 ± 540 kt, which is only about 6% of the SO2 emitted during the similar length Holuhraun eruption (2014–2015). The eruption was divided into five phases based on visual observations, including the number of active vents and the occurrence of lava fountaining. The SO2 emission rate ranged from 44 ± 19 kg/s in Phase 2 to 85 ± 29 kg/s in Phase 5, with an average of 64 ± 34 kg/s for the entire eruption. There was notable variability in SO2 on short timescales, with measurements on 11 August 2021 ranging from 17 to 78 kg/s. SO2 flux measurements were made using scanning DOAS instruments located at different distances from and orientations relative to the eruption site augmented by traverses. Four hundred and forty-four scan and traverse measurements met quality criteria and were used, along with plume height and meteorological data, to calculate SO2 fluxes while accounting for wind-related uncertainties. A tendency for stronger SO2 flux concurrent with higher amplitude seismic tremor and the occurrence of lava fountaining was observed during Phases 4 and 5 which were characterized by intermittent crater activity including observable effusion of lava and gas release interspersed with long repose times. This tendency was used to refine the calculation of the amount of SO2 emitted during variably vigorous activity. The continuous seismic tremor time series was used to quantify how long during these eruption phases strong/weak activity was exhibited to improve the calculated SO2 flux during these Phases. The total SO2 emissions derived from field measurements align closely with results obtained by combining melt inclusion and groundmass glass analyses with lava effusion rate measurements (910 ± 230 kt SO2). Specifically, utilizing the maximum S content found in evolved melt inclusions and the least remaining S content in accompanying quenched groundmasses provides an identical result between field measurements and the petrological calculations. This suggests that the maximum SO2 release calculated from petrological estimates should be preferentially used to initialize gas dispersion models for basaltic eruptions when other measurements are lacking. During the eruption, the CALPUFF dispersion model was used to forecast ground-level exposure to SO2. The SO2 emission rates measured by DOAS were used as input for the dispersion model, with updates made when a significant change was measured. A detailed analysis of one mid-distance station over the entire eruption shows that the model performed very well at predicting the presence of volcanic SO2 when it was measured. However, it frequently predicted the presence of SO2 that was not measured and the concentrations forecasted had no correlation with the concentrations measured. Various approaches to improve the model forecast were tested, including updating plume height and SO2 flux source terms based on measurements. These approaches did not unambiguously improve the model performance but suggest that improvements might be achieved in more-polluted conditions.
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- Takala, M., et al.
(author)
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Dielectric Properties and Partial Discharge Endurance of Polypropylene- Silica Nanocomposite
- 2010
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In: IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. - 1558-4135 .- 1070-9878. ; 17:4, s. 1259-1267
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents the results of the dielectric properties and partial discharge endurance measurements conducted on polypropylene (PP)-silica nanocomposite. The material compounds were analyzed with micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray tomography and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ac and dc breakdown strength of the materials was measured. Dielectric response, capacitance and loss factor of the film samples were measured as a function of temperature and frequency. Partial discharge (PD) endurance of the reference PP and PP Silica nanocomposite was studied as a function of ac voltage. Material surfaces were analyzed after PD stress with optical microscopy. All dielectric measurements were done for oriented thin films with a thickness of 11-23 μm. The results were analyzed statistically to determine the effects of the additive on the properties of PP. The paper discusses the potential of PP Silica nanocomposite with a view to high voltage applications, especially power capac itors. © 2010 IEEE.
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- Takala, M., et al.
(author)
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Effect of low amount of nanosilica on dielectric properties of polypropylene
- 2010
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In: Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, ICSD 2010. - 9781424479443
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper presents the results of the dielectric properties measurements conducted on Silica-Polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. According to prior investigations by the authors silica nanoparticles have improved the performance of the dielectric material considering capacitor applications. Especially breakdown strengths with ac and dc voltages and resistance against surface degradation have increased. The relative permittivity and dielectric losses have also been comparable to reference PP. In this paper the results of the dielectric measurements conducted on composites with 1-2 wt-% silica are compared with reference PP. Silica dispersion in PP was confirmed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Weibull analysis was applied to the breakdown strength measurement results with dc voltage. Capacitance and loss factor measurements were conducted as a function of temperature to study thermal behavior. The measurements were conducted at the high voltage laboratories of Tampere University of Technology and Chalmers University of Technology. Statistical analysis was applied to the results to determine the significance of the differences between the materials. ©2010 IEEE.
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- Virk, Shafqat, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Developing an interlingual translation lexicon using WordNets and Grammatical Framework
- 2014
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In: Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on South and Southeast Asian Natural Language Processing. - 9781873769416
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Grammatical Framework (GF) offers perfect translation between controlled subsets of natural languages. E.g., an abstract syntax for a set of sentences in school mathematics is the interlingua between the corresponding sentences in English and Hindi, say. GF “resource grammars” specify how to say something in English or Hindi; these are reused with “application grammars” that specify what can be said (mathematics, tourist phrases, etc.). More recent robust parsing and parse-tree disambiguation allow GF to parse arbitrary English text. We report here an experiment to linearise the resulting tree directly to other languages (e.g. Hindi, German, etc.), i.e., we use a language independent resource grammar as the interlingua. We focus particularly on the last part of the translation system, the interlingual lexicon and word sense disambiguation (WSD). We improved the quality of the wide coverage interlingual translation lexicon by using the Princeton and Universal WordNet data. We then integrated an existing WSD tool and replaced the usual GF style lexicons, which give one target word per source word, by the WordNet based lexicons. These new lexicons and WSD improve the quality of translation in most cases, as we show by examples. Both WordNets and WSD in general are well known, but this is the first use of these tools with GF.
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