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- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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- Benson, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Intrathecal immunoglobulin production and minor motor seizures
- 1987
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 76:1, s. 147-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Five infants with idiopathic infantile minor motor seizures had an elevated immunoglobulin G (IgG) index ((cerebrospinal fluid IgG/serum IgG):(cerebrospinal fluid albumin/serum albumin)). The infants had prolonged prodromal symptoms, and bad prognosis. It is suggested that immunological mechanisms may contribute to the pathophysiology in certain cases of infantile spasms.
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- Champagne, A., et al.
(författare)
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First-order Raman scattering of rare-earth containing i-MAX single crystals (Mo2/3RE1/3)(2)AlC (RE = Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er)
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physical Review Materials. - : AMER PHYSICAL SOC. - 2475-9953. ; 3:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herein, we report on the growth of single crystals of various (Mo2/3RE1/3)(2)AlC (RE = Nd, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er) i-MAX phases and their Raman characterization. Using first principles, the wave numbers of the various phonon modes and their relative atomic displacements are calculated and compared to experimental results. Twelve high-intensity Raman peaks are identified as the fingerprint of this new family of rare-earth containing i-MAX phases, thus being a useful tool to investigate their corresponding composition and structural properties. Indeed, while a redshift is observed in the low-wave-number range due to an increase of the rare-earth atomic mass when moving from left to right on the lanthanide row, a blueshift is observed for most of the high-wave-number modes due to a strengthening of the bonds. A complete classification of bond stiffnesses is achieved based on the direct dependence of a phonon mode wave number with respect to the bond stiffness. Finally, STEM images are used to confirm the crystal structure.
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- Ekman, Inger, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Person-centered care -ready for prime time.
- 2011
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Ingår i: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. - : Sage Publications. - 1474-5151 .- 1873-1953. ; 10:4, s. 248-251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term diseases are today the leading cause of mortality worldwide and are estimated to be the leading cause of disability by 2020. Person-centered care (PCC) has been shown to advance concordance between care provider and patient on treatment plans, improve health outcomes and increase patient satisfaction. Yet, despite these and other documented benefits, there are a variety of significant challenges to putting PCC into clinical practice. Although care providers today broadly acknowledge PCC to be an important part of care, in our experience we must establish routines that initiate, integrate, and safeguard PCC in daily clinical practice to ensure that PCC is systematically and consistently practiced, i.e. not just when we feel we have time for it. In this paper, we propose a few simple routines to facilitate and safeguard the transition to PCC. We believe that if conscientiously and systematically applied, they will help to make PCC the focus and mainstay of care in long-term illness.
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- Eriksson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of plasma chemistry and ion energy in cathodic arc plasma from Ti-Si cathodes of different compositions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 113:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arc plasma from Ti-Si compound cathodes with up to 25 at. % Si was characterized in a DC arc system with respect to chemistry and charge-state-resolved ion energy. The plasma ion composition showed a lower Si content, diverging up to 12 at. % compared to the cathode composition, yet concurrently deposited films were in accordance with the cathode stoichiometry. Significant contribution to film growth from neutrals is inferred besides ions, since the contribution from macroparticles, estimated by scanning electron microscopy, cannot alone account for the compositional difference between cathode, plasma, and film. The average ion charge states for Ti and Si were higher than reference data for elemental cathodes. This result is likely related to TiSix phases of higher cohesive energies in the compound cathodes and higher effective electron temperature in plasma formation. The ion energy distributions extended up to ∼200 and ∼130 eV for Ti and Si, respectively, with corresponding average energies of ∼60 and ∼30 eV. These averages were, however, not dependent on Si content in the cathode, except for 25 at. % Si where the average energies were increased up to 72 eV for Ti and 47 eV for Si.
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| 8. |
- Isaksson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Hepatic encephalopathy verified by psychometric testing and EEG in cirrhotic patients : Effects of mesocaval interposition shunt or sclerotherapy
- 2005
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Ingår i: HPB. - : Elsevier BV. - 1365-182X .- 1477-2574. ; 7:1, s. 65-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The aim of this randomised prospective study was to evaluate hepatic encephalopathy after mesocaval interposition shunt operation and after repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy. Methods. Forty-five patients with bleeding oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis were randomised to the two treatment groups, 24 to the shunt group and 21 to the sclerotherapy group. The patients were evaluated preoperatively regarding blood tests, hepatic encephalopathy as measured by electroencephalogram with spectral analysis and by a battery of psychometric tests. The direction of portal flow in the shunt group was investigated by shunt phlebography and ultrasonography with Doppler. During follow-up the same investigations were performed twice at median 6.7 and 14.7 months after operation. Results. No statistically significant difference was found during follow-up regarding blood tests and electroencephalography with spectral analysis. Although the preoperative psychometric tests showed that the shunt group performed significantly better than the sclerotherapy group, the first follow-up showed that the shunt group performed statistically worse than the sclerotherapy group in seven of the tests: Synonyms (measuring verbal ability), Block Design Test (measuring visuo-spatial ability), Memory for Design Test, Error Score (measuring memory function), Revised Visual Retention Test, correct answers and the same test error answers (measuring visuo-spatial memory, ability and immediate memory), Digit Symbol Test (measuring perceptual ability) and Trial Making Test B (measuring cognitive motor abilities). Conclusions. Patients treated by mesocaval interposition shunt showed a progressive general reduction in psychometric performance compared with patients treated with repeated sclerotherapy, in whom a general intellectual improvement was observed. This finding corresponds to the reverse direction of the preoperative portal flow to a hepatofugal pattern at first follow-up and at 12 months among two-thirds of the patients. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Jonsson, H. J. M., et al.
(författare)
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Correlation strength, orbital-selective incoherence, and local moments formation in the magnetic MAX-phase Mn2GaC
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. - : American Physical Society. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 105:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We perform a theoretical study of the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the prototypical magnetic MAX-phase Mn2GaC with the main focus given to the origin of magnetic interactions in this system. Using the density functional theory+dynamical mean-field theory (DFT+DMFT) method, we explore the effects of electron-electron interactions and magnetic correlations on the electronic properties, magnetic state, and spectral weight coherence of paramagnetic and magnetically ordered phases of Mn2GaC. We also benchmark the DFT-based disordered local moment approach for this system by comparing the obtained electronic and magnetic properties with that of the DFT+DMFT method. Our results reveal a complex magnetic behavior characterized by a near degeneracy of the ferro-and antiferromagnetic configurations of Mn2GaC, implying a high sensitivity of its magnetic state to fine details of the crystal structure and unit-cell volume, consistent with experimental observations. We observe robust local-moment behavior and orbital-selective incoherence of the spectral properties of Mn2GaC, implying the importance of orbital-dependent localization of the Mn 3d states. We find that Mn2GaC can be described in terms of local magnetic moments, which may be modeled by DFT with disordered local moments. However, the magnetic properties are dictated by the proximity to the regime of formation of local magnetic moments, in which the localization is in fact driven by Hunds exchange interaction, and not the Coulomb interaction.
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| 10. |
- Maniv, A., et al.
(författare)
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Microscopic evidence for Mn-induced long range magnetic ordering in MAX phase compounds
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 33:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zero and low field nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have been performed on MAX phase samples (Cr1-xMnx)(2)AC withA= Ge and Ga in order to obtain local microscopic information on the nature of magnetism in this system. Our results unambiguously provide evidence for the existence of long-range magnetic order in (Cr0.96Mn0.04)(2)GeC and for (Cr0.93Mn0.07)(2)GaC, but not for (Cr0.97Mn0.03)(2)GaC. We point to a possible dependence of long range magnetic order in these MAX phase compounds on theAatom.
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