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- Staude, I. R., et al.
(author)
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Replacements of small- by large-ranged species scale up to diversity loss in Europe's temperate forest biome
- 2020
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In: Nature Ecology & Evolution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-334X. ; 4, s. 802-808
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The loss of biodiversity at the global scale has been difficult to reconcile with observations of no net loss at local scales. Vegetation surveys across European temperate forests show that this may be explained by the replacement of small-ranged species with large-ranged ones, driven by nitrogen deposition. Biodiversity time series reveal global losses and accelerated redistributions of species, but no net loss in local species richness. To better understand how these patterns are linked, we quantify how individual species trajectories scale up to diversity changes using data from 68 vegetation resurvey studies of seminatural forests in Europe. Herb-layer species with small geographic ranges are being replaced by more widely distributed species, and our results suggest that this is due less to species abundances than to species nitrogen niches. Nitrogen deposition accelerates the extinctions of small-ranged, nitrogen-efficient plants and colonization by broadly distributed, nitrogen-demanding plants (including non-natives). Despite no net change in species richness at the spatial scale of a study site, the losses of small-ranged species reduce biome-scale (gamma) diversity. These results provide one mechanism to explain the directional replacement of small-ranged species within sites and thus explain patterns of biodiversity change across spatial scales.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Schmidt, John, et al.
(author)
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Substrate and plant genotype strongly influence the growth and gene expression response to trichoderma afroharzianum T22 in sugar beet
- 2020
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In: Plants. - : MDPI AG. - 2223-7747. ; 9:8, s. 1-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many strains of Trichoderma fungi have beneficial effects on plant growth and pathogen control, but little is known about the importance of plant genotype, nor the underlying mechanisms. We aimed to determine the effect of sugar beet genotypic variation on Trichoderma biostimulation. The effect of Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 on sugar beet inbred genotypes were investigated in soil and on sterile agar medium regarding plant growth, and by quantitative reverse transcriptase-linked polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis for gene expression. In soil, T22 application induced up to 30% increase or decrease in biomass, depending on plant genotype. In contrast, T22 treatment of sterile-grown seedlings resulted in a general decrease in fresh weight and root length across all sugar beet genotypes. Root colonization of T22 did not vary between the sugar beet genotypes. Sand-and sterile-grown roots were investigated by qRT-PCR for expression of marker genes for pathogen response pathways. Genotype-dependent effects of T22 on, especially, the jasmonic acid/ethylene expression marker PR3 were observed, and the effects were further dependent on the growth system used. Thus, both growth substrate and sugar beet genotype strongly affect the outcome of inoculation with T. afroharzianum T22.
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| 4. |
- Thorin, Emil, et al.
(author)
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Simultaneous detection of K, KOH, and KCl in flames and released from biomass using photofragmentation TDLAS
- 2021
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In: Optics Express. - : The Optical Society. - 1094-4087. ; 29:26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Gaseous potassium (K) species released from biomass during thermochemicalconversion pose challenges to reactors and human health. Photofragmentation tunable diodelaser absorption spectroscopy (PF-TDLAS) was used for simultaneous, high-dynamic rangemeasurements of atomic K, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and potassium chloride (KCl) inflat flames seeded with KCl salt. An expression for the PF-TDLAS signal is presented andexperimentally verified. Axial K species concentration profiles recorded at fuel-air equivalenceratios of 0.8 and 1.3 are compared to 2D axisymmetric reacting flow simulations. An overallgood agreement is found, but KOH is over-predicted in simulations of fuel-rich flames at theexpense of atomic K. Quantification of K species close to softwood and wheat straw particlesconverted in the flames is demonstrated.
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