| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 3. |
- Gardner, J.L., et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of nighttime nitric oxide 5.3 μm emissions in the thermosphere measured by MIPAS and SABER
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 112:A10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comparative study of nitric oxide (NO) 5.3 μm emissions in the thermosphere measured by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) spectrometer and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) radiometer satellite instruments was conducted for nighttime data collected on 14 June 2003. The agreement between the data sets was very good, within ∼25% over the entire latitude range studied from −58° to + 4°. The MIPAS and SABER data were inverted to retrieve NO volume emission rates. Spectral fitting of the MIPAS data was used to determine the NO(v = 1) rotational and spin-orbit temperatures, which were found to be in nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) above 110 km. Near 110 km the rotational and spin-orbit temperatures converged, indicating the onset of equilibrium in agreement with the results of non-LTE modeling. Because of the onset of equilibrium the NO rotational and spin-orbit temperatures can be used to estimate the kinetic temperature near 110 km. The results indicate that the atmospheric model NRLMSISE-00 underestimates the kinetic temperature near 110 km for the locations investigated. The SABER instrument 5.3 μm band filter cuts off a significant fraction of the NO(Δv = 1) band, and therefore modeling of NO is necessary to predict the total band radiance. The needed correction factors were directly determined from the MIPAS data, providing validation of the modeled values used in SABER operational data processing. The correction factors were applied to the SABER data to calculate densities of NO(v = 1). A feasibility study was also conducted to investigate the use of NO 5.3 μm emission data to derive NO(v = 0) densities in the thermosphere.
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| 4. |
- Bajracharya, Suman, et al.
(författare)
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Prime Techniques for Pre- and Post-Treatments of Anaerobic Effluents and Solids
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology. - Singapore : Springer Nature. ; , s. 255-289
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several pre-treatment approaches have been explored to enhance the anaerobic fermentation kinetics and efficiency, which include thermal-alkaline treatment, free ammonia, sequential ultrasound techniques as well as grinding, and sieving. Additionally, valorization of mineralized compounds and production of reusable water can also be achieved via post-treatments. The post-treatment concept allows preserving or recovery of value-added byproducts in the form of manures, soil conditioners, and renewable energy. In this chapter, we explain the recent advancement in the pre-treatment and post-treatment of anaerobic digestate to enhance the anaerobic process and for the removal of undesirable compounds, recovery of energy, nutrients, and waste stabilization before disposal.
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| 5. |
- Faisal, Ayad A. H., et al.
(författare)
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A mathematical model for simulation the removal of cadmium and chromium from groundwater using scrap iron and aluminum as permeable reactive barrier
- 2022
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Ingår i: Desalination and Water Treatment. - : Desalination Publications. - 1944-3994 .- 1944-3986. ; 259, s. 186-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work is represented by the derivation of mathematical model and solving the model analytically using the method of separation of variables to describe the migration of the contaminant metal ions through a column packed with bed of permeable reactive barrier (PRB). The validity of the solution can be evaluated through the simulation of cadmium and chromium ions using scrap iron and/or aluminum by-products in the form of wastes that if not utilized to treat waste by waste can impose further burden over the ecosystem. Breakthrough curves proved that the increase of metal ions velocity will decrease the capturing of the ions; therefore, the distribu-tion coefficient and the retardation factor also decrease. Furthermore, the increase of barrier depth will increase the longevity of PRB because this will delay the migration of contaminant. A mathematical model has acceptable ability in the representation of experimental measurements with Nash-€“Sutcliff efficiency coefficients greater than 0.98. The longevity of the PRB was estimated for the field scale to be 210 and 250 d to produce contaminant effluent beyond 100 cm barrier matrix within the environmental permissible concentrations. Although groundwater velocity is highly variable, a proposed velocity of 0.25 cm/min which is assumed to be analogous to the groundwater velocity has revealed prolonged longevity of 7.02 y for the capture of chromium.
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| 6. |
- Hossain, Mohammad Shahadat, et al.
(författare)
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A Belief Rule Based Expert System to Diagnose Schizophrenia Using Whole Blood DNA Methylation Data
- 2023
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Ingår i: Machine Intelligence and Emerging Technologies - First International Conference, MIET 2022, Proceedings, part 2. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 9783031346217 - 9783031346224 ; , s. 271-282
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schizophrenia is a severe neurological disease where a patient’s perceptions of reality are disrupted. Its symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and profoundly strange thinking and behavior, which make the patient’s daily functions difficult. Despite identifying genetic variations linked to Schizophrenia, causative genes involved in pathogenesis and expression regulations remain unknown. There is no particular way in life sciences for diagnosing Schizophrenia. Commonly used machine learning and deep learning are data-oriented. They lack the ability to deal with uncertainty in data. Belief Rule Based Expert System (BRBES) methodology addresses various categories of uncertainty in data with evidential reasoning. Previous researches showed the association of DNA methylation (DNAm) with risk of Schizophrenia. Whole blood DNAm data, hence, is useful for smart diagnosis of Scizophrenia. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have investigated the performance of BRBES to diagnose Schizophrenia. Therefore, in this study, we explore BRBES’ performance in diagnosing Schizophrenia using whole blood DNAm data. BRBES was optimized by gradient-free algorithms due to the limitations of gradient-based optimization. Classification thresholds were optimized to yield better results. Finally, we compared performance to two machine learning models after 5-fold cross-validation where our model achieved the highest average sensitivity (76.8%) among the three.
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| 7. |
- Mlynczak, Martin G., et al.
(författare)
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Energy transport in the thermosphere during the solar storms of April 2002
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 110:A12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dramatic solar storm events of April 2002 deposited a large amount of energy into the Earth's upper atmosphere, substantially altering the thermal structure, the chemical composition, the dynamics, and the radiative environment. We examine the flow of energy within the thermosphere during this storm period from the perspective of infrared radiation transport and heat conduction. Observations from the SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite are coupled with computations based on the ASPEN thermospheric general circulation model to assess the energy flow. The dominant radiative response is associated with dramatically enhanced infrared emission from nitric oxide at 5.3 μm from which a total of ∼7.7 × 1023 ergs of energy are radiated during the storm. Energy loss rates due to NO emission exceed 2200 Kelvin per day. In contrast, energy loss from carbon dioxide emission at 15 μm is only ∼2.3% that of nitric oxide. Atomic oxygen emission at 63 μm is essentially constant during the storm. Energy loss from molecular heat conduction may be as large as 3.8% of the NO emission. These results confirm the “natural thermostat” effect of nitric oxide emission as the primary mechanism by which storm energy is lost from the thermosphere below 210 km.
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| 8. |
- Raihan, S. M. Shafkat, et al.
(författare)
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A Belief Rule Based Expert System to Diagnose Alzheimer’s Disease Using Whole Blood Gene Expression Data
- 2022
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Ingår i: Brain Informatics: 15th International Conference, BI 2022, Padua, Italy, July 15–17, 2022, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031150364 - 9783031150371 ; , s. 301-315
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological disease that is the most common cause of dementia. It is also the fifth-greatest reason for death in adults aged 65 and over. However, there is no accurate way of diagnosing neurological Alzheimer’s disorders in medical research. Blood gene expression analysis offers a realistic option for identifying those at risk of AD. Blood gene expression patterns have previously proved beneficial in diagnosing several brain disorders, despite the blood-brain barrier’s restricted permeability. The most extensively used statistical machine learning and deep learning algorithms are data-driven and do not address data uncertainty. Belief Rule-Based Expert System (BRBES) is an approach that can identify various forms of uncertainty in data and reason using evidential reasoning. No previous research studies have examined BRBES’ performance in diagnosing AD. As a result, this study aims to identify how effective BRBES is at diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease from blood gene expression data. We used a gradient-free technique to optimize the BRBES because prior research had shown the limits of gradient-based optimization. We have also attempted to address the class imbalance problem using BRBES’ consequent utility parameters. Finally, after 5-fold cross-validation, we compared our model to three classic ML models, finding that our model had a greater specificity than the other three models across all folds. The average specificity of our models for all folds was 32%
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