| 1. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 2. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 3. |
- Das, A., et al.
(författare)
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Surface chemical and adsorption studies using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans with reference to bacterial adhesion to sulfide minerals
- 1999
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Ingår i: Biohydrometallurgy and the Environment toward the Mining of the 21st century. - : Elsevier. - 0444501932 ; , s. 697-707
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adhesion of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to pyrite and chalcopyrite in relation to its importance in bioleaching and bioflotation has been studied. Electrokinetic studies as well as FT-IR spectra suggest that the surface chemistry of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans depends on bacterial growth conditions. Sulfur-,Pyrite- and chalcopyrite-grown Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were found to be relatively more hydrophobic. The altered surface chemistry of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was due to secretion of newer and specific proteinaceous compounds. The adsorption density corresponds to a monolayer coverage in a horizontal orientation of the cells. The xanthate flotation of pyrite in presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans is strongly depressed where as the cells have insignificant effect on chalcopyrite flotation. This study demonstrate that:(a)Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells can be used for selective flotation of chalcopyrite from pyrite and importantly at natural pH values.(b)Sulfur-grown cells exhibits higher leaching kinetics than ferrous ion-grown cells.
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| 4. |
- Mlynczak, Martin G., et al.
(författare)
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Energy transport in the thermosphere during the solar storms of April 2002
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics. - 2169-9380 .- 2169-9402. ; 110:A12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dramatic solar storm events of April 2002 deposited a large amount of energy into the Earth's upper atmosphere, substantially altering the thermal structure, the chemical composition, the dynamics, and the radiative environment. We examine the flow of energy within the thermosphere during this storm period from the perspective of infrared radiation transport and heat conduction. Observations from the SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite are coupled with computations based on the ASPEN thermospheric general circulation model to assess the energy flow. The dominant radiative response is associated with dramatically enhanced infrared emission from nitric oxide at 5.3 μm from which a total of ∼7.7 × 1023 ergs of energy are radiated during the storm. Energy loss rates due to NO emission exceed 2200 Kelvin per day. In contrast, energy loss from carbon dioxide emission at 15 μm is only ∼2.3% that of nitric oxide. Atomic oxygen emission at 63 μm is essentially constant during the storm. Energy loss from molecular heat conduction may be as large as 3.8% of the NO emission. These results confirm the “natural thermostat” effect of nitric oxide emission as the primary mechanism by which storm energy is lost from the thermosphere below 210 km.
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| 5. |
- P.K., Sharma, et al.
(författare)
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Surface characterization of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells grown under different conditions
- 2003
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Ingår i: Hydrometallurgy. - 0304-386X .- 1879-1158. ; 71:1-2, s. 285-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growth characteristics of a strain of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans isolated from mine water with ferrous ion, sulfur, or pyrite mineral as sole source of energy have been established. The electrokinetic behaviour of the bacterial cells was investigated and the cell surface groups were characterized by diffuse reflectance FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopies. The surface charge on the iron-grown cells (i.e.p., pH 2.0) is different from that on the solid-substrate-grown cells (i.e.p., pH 3.0-3.5) and the surface charge depends on the growth history of the bacteria. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra revealed a higher amount of protein content on the surface of the sulfur- and pyrite-grown cells compared to the iron-grown cells. These results suggest that the altered surface charge on the cells is due to differences in the protein content synthesized by bacteria exposed to different growth conditions.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Rani, Komal, et al.
(författare)
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A novel approach to correlate the salivary exosomes and their protein cargo in the progression of cognitive impairment into Alzheimer’s disease
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Neuroscience Methods. - : Elsevier. - 0165-0270 .- 1872-678X. ; 347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundCognition is the ability of a person to think, remember, and interconnect ideas from various dimensions to strive for solutions. Cognitive defects accompany all forms of dementia and the decline in cognition is a most feared aspect. Mild cognitive impairment is considered as a transitional phase and the progressive loss in cognition can finally lead to Alzheimer’s disease.New MethodIn this study, we demonstrated a novel method based on nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) technique to directly correlate salivary exosomes concentration with the progression of cognitive impairment (CI) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).This could open up the possibility for an early and cost-effective screening of Alzheimer's disease.ResultsUsing our novel method, the total salivary exosomes concentration was measured by NTA technique, followed by validation of key exosomal cargo proteins through an automated western blot analyzer. We observed significant differences in salivary exosomes concentration among the groups of cognitively impaired and Alzheimer’s disease patients (p = 0.0023) compared to the healthy control cohort. The method was validated through CD63 (exosomes surface marker) fluorescent antibody based quantification, which yielded a similar outcome (p = 0.0286). We further corroborated our findings with the expression level of oligomeric amyloid-beta, phosphorylated-tau protein from salivary exosomes. The Aβ oligomer/fibril abundance (p = 0.0291), phospho-tau (p = 0.0325) and Aβ protein abundance (p = 0.0198) was significantly higher in Alzheimer’s and cognitively impaired patients in comparison to the healthy controls.Comparison with Existing Method(s)There are few molecular biomarkers available to differentiate between various stages of cognitive impairment. Moreover, the current methodologies utilizing the few biomarkers available are either invasive or expensive; also, for a patient with mild cognitive complains, it is impractical to use these as a screening tool.ConclusionOur initial results indicate that the salivary exosomes concentration based on the nano-tracking technique has the potential to be used as a cost-effective screening method for early disease detection.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Rastogi, Simran, et al.
(författare)
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The Evolving Landscape of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases : Exosomes Characteristics and a Promising Role in Early Diagnosis
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurodegenerative diseases (ND) remains to be one of the biggest burdens on healthcare systems and serves as a leading cause of disability and death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is among the most common of such disorders, followed by Parkinson’s disease (PD). The basic molecular details of disease initiation and pathology are still under research. Only recently, the role of exosomes has been linked to the initiation and progression of these neurodegenerative diseases. Exosomes are small bilipid layer enclosed extracellular vesicles, which were once considered as a cellular waste and functionless. These nano-vesicles of 30–150 nm in diameter carry specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs, and high amounts of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs). As the exosomes content is known to vary as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection. Here we review exosomes, their biogenesis, composition, and role in neurodegenerative diseases. We have also provided details for their characterization through an array of available techniques. Their updated role in neurodegenerative disease pathology is also discussed. Finally, we have shed light on a novel field of salivary exosomes as a potential candidate for early diagnosis in neurodegenerative diseases and compared the biomarkers of salivary exosomes with other blood/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) based exosomes within these neurological ailments
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| 10. |
- Sharma, P.K., et al.
(författare)
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Adhesion of Paenibacillus polymyxa on chalcopyrite and pyrite : Surface thermodynamics and extended DLVO theory
- 2003
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces B. - 0927-7765 .- 1873-4367. ; 29:1, s. 21-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adhesion behaviour of Paenibacillus polymyxa bacteria on pyrite and chalcopyrite is examined by the surface thermodynamics and the extended DLVO theory approaches. In addition, the bacteria are adapted to pyrite and chalcopyrite minerals, and the adhesion behaviour of these bacteria is also investigated. The significance of acid-base interactions in adhesion is assessed. The essential parameters needed for the calculations of interaction energy between bacteria and mineral are experimentally determined. The results illustrate that the bacterial surfaces are more energetic than the mineral surfaces and the bacteria acquired acid-base surface energy component during their adaptation to mineral. The extended DLVO approach is found to be more effective in predicting the adhesion behaviour than the expectations from thermodynamic approach. The thermodynamic approach yields no bacterial adhesion on minerals and this discrepancy is the result of inadequate description of electrostatic interactions. The adhesion predictions by the DLVO approach are able to partially explain the bioflotation results of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Extended DLVO shows that on account of high bacterial surface energy, their aggregation is not feasible. But due to the hydrophobicity of pyrite and chalcopyrite, their aggregation is possible.
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