| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Brimacombe, J., et al.
(author)
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Supernova 2011fc = Psn J23013638+3220069
- 2011
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In: Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams. ; 2788, s. 2-
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- CBET 2788 available at Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams.
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| 3. |
- Ergon, Mattias, 1967-
(author)
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SN 2011dh and the progenitors of Type IIb supernovae
- 2015
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Core-collapse supernovae (SNe) are the observed events following the collapse of the core of evolved massive stars. The gravitational energy released creates a powerful shock that disrupts the star and ejects the heated material into the surrounding circumstellar medium. The observed properties depend on the mass lost by the star, e.g. through stellar winds or mass transfer in binary systems, and the subject of this thesis is the class of Type IIb SNe, which are thought to have lost most, but not all of their hydrogen envelopes. A quite unique set of observations has recently been obtained for the Type IIb SN 2011dh, which was followed to more than a thousand days after the explosion, and observed by several groups at a wide range of wavelengths. In this work, the bulk portion of the ultraviolet to mid-infrared observations, as well as pre-explosion images of the progenitor star, are presented, discussed, and analysed. Lightcurve and spectral modelling of the SN observations, presented in this and related works, all suggest a progenitor of modest initial mass (<15 solar masses) with an extended and low-mass hydrogen envelope, consistent with what is found from the pre-explosion observations. Although mass-loss rates for single stars are uncertain, they are likely too weak to expel the hydrogen envelope for stars in this mass range. Therefore, an appealing alternative is mass-loss by Roche-lobe overflow in a binary system, as was likely the case for the Type IIb SN 1993J. Post-explosion observations have revealed a blue compact companion star blended with the fading SN 1993J, and a similar result has been claimed for SN 2011dh. The fact that some SNe arise from binary systems is not surprising given the large binary fraction observed for massive stars, and in this work, a grid of hydrodynamical SN models is used to infer modest initial masses (<15 solar masses) for most Type IIb SNe documented in the literature, suggesting that binary systems actually dominate the production of Type IIb SNe.
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| 4. |
- Fraser, M., et al.
(author)
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A low mass red supergiant progenitor candidate for SN 2012aw
- 2012
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We obtained an unfiltered image of the Type IIP SN 2012aw (CBET 3054) from the Nordic Optical Telescope + ALFOSC on 2012 March 19.9 UT, under excellent (~0.5") seeing conditions. 6 sources were identified in both the the ALFOSC image, and a pre-explosion HST+WFPC2 F555W mosaic of M95 retrieved (together with F439W and F814W-filter images) from the Hubble Legacy Archive. Using a geometric transformation derived from the position of the fiducial sources in both images, SN 2012aw was located in the WFPC2 image to an accuracy of 0.24". We find SN 2012aw to be coincident with a faint, red source in the pre-explosion WFPC data, which is the probable progenitor.
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| 5. |
- Fremling, Christoffer, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Oxygen and helium in stripped-envelope supernovae
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We present a spectral analysis of 513 spectra of 176 stripped-envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe) discovered by the untargeted Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and intermediate PTF (iPTF) surveys. Our sample contains 44 Type Ib SNe, 55 Type IIb SNe, 59 Type Ic SNe and 18 Type Ib/c SNe. We aim to identify differences among the SE SN subtypes in order to put constraints on their progenitors via measurements of the pseudo equivalent widths (pEWs) and velocities of the He I λλ5876,7065, and O I λ7774 lines. We find that Type Ic SNe show higher pEWs and velocities in their O I λ7774 absorption signatures compared to Type IIb and Type Ib SNe. The pEWs of the He I λλ5876,7065 absorption lines are similar in Type Ib and Type IIb SNe, with a few Type Ib SNe showing stronger absorptions prior to maximum light in the He I λ5876 line. The He I λλ5876,7065 velocities at maximum light are higher.We have also identified an anti-correlation between He I λ7065 pEW and O I λ7774 velocity among Type IIb and Type Ib SNe. If both Type Ib and Type Ic SNe had similar amounts of He, and if low mixing was responsible for hiding He in Type Ic SNe, systematically lower velocities and lower oxygen line strengths are predicted for Type Ic SNe. This is contrary to what we have observed. If He is not hidden, it must have been lost in Type Ic SNe. The anti-correlation for Type Ib and Type IIb SNe then suggests that varying amounts of He can be present the time of explosion. The observed difference in the average O I λ7774 velocity around maximum light of Type Ic (~9800 km s-1) and Type Ib SNe (~7900 km s-1) can be explained by the removal of ~0.9 solar masses from the envelope, on average, if the other explosion parameters are assumed to be unchanged between the subtypes.
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| 6. |
- Fremling, Christoffer, 1984-
(author)
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PTF12os and iPTF13bvn : Two stripped-envelope supernovae discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory
- 2016
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis is based on research made by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory [(i)PTF], and it is particularly closely tied to the still ongoing research on the stripped-envelope (SE) supernova (SN), iPTF13bvn (Type Ib), that occurred in the nearby galaxy NGC 5806. This SN was initially thought to have been the explosion of a very massive Wolf-Rayet (WR) star, but I have shown that this is very likely not the case. I suggest instead that the most likely scenario is that iPTF13bvn originated from a binary system where the envelope was stripped off from the SN progenitor by tidal forces from a companion star, in a similar way as for the very well studied Type IIb SN 2011dh. I have also investigated another SE SN, PTF12os (Type IIb), that occurred in the same galaxy as iPTF13bvn, with the conclusion that PTF12os and iPTF13bvn are very similar amongst themselves, and that both of them are also remarkably similar to SN 2011dh, in terms of all of the available observations (light-curves, spectra). Hydrodynamical models have been used to constrain the explosion parameters of iPTF13bvn, PTF12os and SN 2011dh; finding 56Ni masses in the range 0.063 − 0.075 M⊙, ejecta masses in the range 1.85 − 1.91 M⊙. Using the 56Ni-masses derived from our hydrodynamical modeling in combination with nebular models and late-time spectroscopy we were able to constrain the Zero-Age Main Sequence (ZAMS) mass to ∼ 12 M⊙ for iPTF13bvn and ≲ 15 M⊙ for PTF12os. In current stellar evolution models, stars with these masses on the ZAMS cannot lose their hydrogen envelopes and become SE SNe without binary interactions.
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| 7. |
- Fremling, Christoffer, 1984-
(author)
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Stripped-envelope supernovae discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory
- 2017
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis is based on research made by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory [(i)PTF]. The focus is on stripped-envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe) discovered by (i)PTF, and it is closely tied to the research on the SE SN iPTF13bvn, that occurred in the nearby galaxy NGC 5806. This SN was initially thought to have been the explosion of a very massive Wolf-Rayet star, but we have shown that this is very likely not the case. We suggest instead that iPTF13bvn originated from a binary system where the envelope was stripped off from the SN progenitor by tidal forces from a companion (Paper I). PTF12os exploded in the same galaxy as iPTF13bvn, and our analysis shows that PTF12os and iPTF13bvn were very similar, and that both were also remarkably similar to the Type IIb SN 2011dh, in terms of their light-curves and spectra. In Paper II, hydrodynamical models were used to constrain the explosion parameters of iPTF13bvn, PTF12os and SN 2011dh; finding 56Ni masses in the range 0.063-0.075 solar masses (Ms), ejecta masses in the range 1.85-1.91 Ms, and kinetic energies in the range 0.54-0.94 x 1051 erg. Furthermore, using nebular models and late-time spectroscopy we were able to constrain the Zero-Age Main Sequence (ZAMS) mass to ~ 12 Ms, for iPTF13bvn and ≤ 15 Ms for PTF12os. In current stellar evolution models, stars with these masses on the ZAMS cannot lose their envelopes and become SE SNe without binary interactions. In Paper III we investigate a peculiar SE SN, iPTF15dtg; this SN lacks both hydrogen and helium and shows a double-peaked LC with a broad main LC peak. Using hydrodynamical modeling we show that iPTF15dtg had a very large ejecta mass (~ 10 Ms), resulting from an explosion of a very massive star (~ 35 Ms). The initial peak in the LC can be explained by the presence of extended material around the star, likely due to an episode of strong mass-loss experienced by the progenitor prior to the explosion. In Paper IV we perform a statistical study of the spectra of all 176 SE SNe (Type IIb, Ib and Ic) discovered by (i)PTF. The spectra of Type Ic SNe show O absorption features that are both stronger and broader (indicating faster expansion velocities) compared to Type IIb and Type Ib SNe. These findings along with very weak He absorption support the traditional picture with Type Ic SNe being heavily stripped of their He envelopes prior to the explosions, and argue against alternative explanations, such as differences in explosive mixing of 56Ni among the SE SN subtypes.
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| 8. |
- Gröningsson, Per, et al.
(author)
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High resolution spectroscopy of the line emission from the inner circumstellar ring of SN 1987A and its hot spots
- 2007
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- We discuss high resolution VLT/UVES observations (FWHM ~ 6 km/s) from October 2002 (day ~5700 past explosion) of the shock interaction of SN 1987A and its circumstellar ring. A nebular analysis of the narrow lines from the unshocked gas indicates gas densities of (1.5-5.0)E3 cm-3 and temperatures of 6.5E3-2.4E4 K. This is consistent with the thermal widths of the lines. From the shocked component we observe a large range of ionization stages from neutral lines to [Fe XIV]. From a nebular analysis we find that the density in the low ionization region is 4E6-1E7 cm-3. There is a clear difference in the high velocity extension of the low ionization lines and that of lines from [Fe X-XIV], with the latter extending up to ~ -390 km/s in the blue wing for [Fe XIV], while the low ionization lines extend to typically ~ -260 km/s. For H-alpha a faint extension up to ~ -450 km/s can be seen probably arising from a small fraction of shocked high density clumps. We discuss these observations in the context of radiative shock models, which are qualitatively consistent with the observations. A fraction of the high ionization lines may originate in gas which has yet not had time to cool down, explaining the difference in width between the low and high ionization lines. The maximum shock velocities seen in the optical lines are ~ 510 km/s. We expect the maximum width of especially the low ionization lines to increase with time.
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| 9. |
- Karamehmetoglu, Emir, 1992-
(author)
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Looking for the high-mass progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae
- 2018
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Stripped-envelope supernovae were thought to be the explosions of very massive stars (& 20 M) that lost their outer layers of hydrogen and/or helium in strong stellar winds. However, recent studies have highlighted that most stripped-envelope supernovae seem to be arising from rela- tively lower-mass progenitor stars in the 12 20 M(sun) range, creating a mystery about the fate of the higher-mass stars. In this licentiate thesis, we review our knowledge of stripped-envelope supernovae, and present the astrophysical problem of their missing high-mass progenitors. The thesis focuses on observations of unique and rare stripped-envelope supernovae classified with modern optical surveys such as the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) and the Public European Southern Observatory Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects (PESSTO). In these surveys we have discovered stripped-envelope supernovae with long-lasting broad lightcurves, which are thought to be a marker for highly massive (& 20 M[sun]) progenitor stars. Despite this exciting association, there are only a handful of existing examples of stripped- envelope supernovae with broad lightcurves published in the literature, not numerous enough to account for the missing high-mass stars.During our efforts, the first object we focused on was OGLE-2014-SN-131, a long-lasting supernova in the southern sky initially classified by PESSTO. We re-classified it as a supernova Type Ibn interacting with a helium-rich circumstellar environment. Unlike all other Type Ibn’s in the literature, OGLE-2014-SN-131 was found to have a long rise-time and large lightcurve broadness. By modeling its bolometric lightcurve, we concluded that OGLE-2014-SN-131 must have had an unusually massive progenitor star. Furthermore, since an ordinary radioactive- decay model could not reproduce the lightcurve, we investigated both a magnetar and circum- stellar interaction as potential powering scenarios and favored the latter due to the signatures of interaction present in the spectra. Next, we looked for similar objects in the supernova dataset of the iPTF, which contains over 200 stripped-envelope supernovae. Searching in a sub-sample of 100 well-observed supernovae, we identified 11 to have unusually broad lightcurves. We also constrained the distribution of lightcurve broadness for iPTF stripped-envelope supernovae. The 11 with broad lightcurves will be studied carefully in a forthcoming paper. The first part of this forthcoming paper, which describes the careful statistical identification of these super-novae, is included in this thesis. In it we identify that 10% of the iPTF stripped-envelope supernova sample have broad lightcurves, which a surprisingly high fraction given their rarity in the published literature. Finally, we evaluate whether our estimate of the fraction of broad stripped-envelope supernovae could help explain the missing high-mass progenitors, and con- clude that they can only be a small fraction of the missing high-mass progenitors.
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