| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(author)
-
A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
-
In: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
|
|
| 3. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(author)
-
Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
-
In: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
|
|
| 4. |
- Filipi, Z., et al.
(author)
-
Combined optimisation of design and power management of the hydraulic hybrid propulsion system for the 6 × 6 medium truck
- 2004
-
In: International Journal of Vehicle Design. Heavy Vehicle Design. - 1744-232X .- 1741-5152. ; 11:3-4, s. 372-402
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hybrid propulsion systems are one of the critical technologies on the roadmap to future ultra-efficient trucks. While there is a significant body of work related to hybrid passenger cars and light commercial trucks, there are many open issues related to hybridisation of heavier trucks intended for both on- and off-road use. This work addresses those questions through a systematic analysis of the proposed parallel hydraulic hybrid powertrain for the Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV). A representative duty cycle for the FMTV is generated based on information about the typical vehicle mission. A methodology for sequential optimisation of hybrid propulsion and power management systems is applied to a hydraulic hybrid configuration with posttransmission motor location, This analysis is critical in evaluating the fuel economy and mobility potential of the hybrid propulsion system, as well as enhancing our understanding of the phenomena leading to predicted fuel economy values.
|
|
| 5. |
- Kim, H.M., et al.
(author)
-
Target cascading in vehicle redesign : A class VI truck study
- 2002
-
In: International Journal of Vehicle Design. - 0143-3369 .- 1741-5314. ; 29:3, s. 199-225
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The analytical target cascading process is applied to the redesign of a U.S. class VI truck. Necessary simulation and analysis models for predicting vehicle dynamics, powertrain, and suspension behaviour are developed. Vehicle design targets that include improved fuel economy, ride quality, driveability, and performance metrics are translated into system design specifications, and a consistent final design is obtained. Trade-offs between conflicting targets are identified. The study illustrates how the analytical target cascading process can reduce vehicle design cycle time while ensuring physical prototype matching, and how costly design iterations late in the development process can be avoided
|
|
| 6. |
- Kokkolaras, Michael, et al.
(author)
-
Simulation-based optimal design of heavy trucks by model-based decomposition : An extensive analytical target cascading case study
- 2004
-
In: International Journal of Vehicle Design. Heavy Vehicle Design. - 1744-232X .- 1741-5152. ; 11:3-4, s. 403-433
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present the findings of an extensive case study for the decomposed, simulation-based, optimal design of an advanced technology heavy truck by means of analytical target cascading. The use of a series hybridelectric propulsion system, in-hub motors, and variable height suspensions is considered with the intention of improving both commercial and military design attributes according to a dual-use philosophy. Emphasis is given to fuel economy, ride, and mobility characteristics. The latter are predicted by appropriately developed analytical and simulation models. This article builds on previous work and focuses on recent efforts to refine the applied methodologies and draw final conclusions.
|
|
