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- Kattge, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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TRY plant trait database - enhanced coverage and open access
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 26:1, s. 119-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- McHugo, S. A., et al.
(författare)
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Nanometer–scale metal precipitates in multicrystalline silicon solar cells
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 89:8, s. 4282-4288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we have utilized characterization methods to identify the nature of metal impurityprecipitates in low performance regions of multicrystalline silicon solar cells. Specifically, we haveutilized synchrotron-based x-ray fluorescence and x-ray absorption spectromicroscopy to study theelemental and chemical nature of these impurity precipitates, respectively. We have detectednanometer-scale precipitates of Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Au in multicrystalline silicon materials from avariety of solar cell manufacturers. Additionally, we have obtained a direct correlation between theimpurity precipitates and regions of low light-induced current, providing direct proof that metalimpurities play a significant role in the performance of multicrystalline silicon solar cells.Furthermore, we have identified the chemical state of iron precipitates in the low-performanceregions. These results indicate that the iron precipitates are in the form of oxide or silicatecompound. These compounds are highly stable and cannot be removed with standard siliconprocessing, indicating remediation efforts via impurity removal need to be improved. Futureimprovements to multicrystalline silicon solar cell performance can be best obtained by inhibitingoxygen and metal impurity introduction as well as modifying thermal treatments during crystalgrowth to avoid oxide or silicate formation.
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| 4. |
- Janson, Staffan, 1945-, et al.
(författare)
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How can we improve child health services?
- 2011
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Ingår i: The BMJ. - : BMJ Books. - 1756-1833. ; 342, s. 901-904
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Western European health systems are not keeping pace with changes in child health needs. Non-communicable diseases are increasingly common causes of childhood illness and death. Countries are responding to changing needs by adapting child health services in different ways and useful insights can be gained through comparison, especially because some have better outcomes, or have made more progress, than others. Although overall child health has improved throughout Europe, wide inequities remain. Health services and social and cultural determinants contribute to differences in health outcomes. Improvement of child health and reduction of suffering are achievable goals. Development of systems more responsive to evolving child health needs is likely to necessitate reconfiguring of health services as part of a whole-systems approach to improvement of health. Chronic care services and first-contact care systems are important aspects. The Swedish and Dutch experiences of development of integrated systems emphasise the importance of supportive policies backed by adequate funding. France, the UK, Italy, and Germany offer further insights into chronic care services in different health systems. First-contact care models and the outcomes they deliver are highly variable. Comparisons between systems are challenging. Important issues emerging include the organisation of first-contact models, professional training, arrangements for provision of out-of-hours services, and task-sharing between doctors and nurses. Flexible first-contact models in which child health professionals work closely together could offer a way to balance the need to provide expertise with ready access. Strategies to improve child health and health services in Europe necessitate a whole-systems approach in three interdependent systems—practice (chronic care models, first-contact care, competency standards for child health professionals), plans (child health indicator sets, reliable systems for capture and analysis of data, scale-up of child health research, anticipation of future child health needs), and policy (translation of high-level goals into actionable policies, open and transparent accountability structures, political commitment to delivery of improvements in child health and equity throughout Europe).
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