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- Berndt, Josefine, 1989-
(författare)
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Polisfrågan i svensk politik : Reformer och institutionell förändring 1875-1965
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis investigates changes in the institutional structures of the Swedish police from the late nineteenth century to the post-war era. State-appointed investigative commissions and parliamentary debates about police reforms are analysed in order to establish the long-term political goals of policing. Until the nationalisation of the entire police system in 1965, the Swedish police consisted of three main institutions: municipal city police, municipal rural police, and regional state police forces. Conceptually, the divide lay mainly between urban and rural policing.In the cities, poor working conditions brought the idea of a unifying Police Act to the fore, and Parliament decided on national regulations in 1925. In the countryside, the main issue was with policing itself. Local authorities did not have enough resources to adequately maintain order and investigate crimes. This was addressed by a number of reforms attempting to solve the problem by issuing state subsidiaries, diverting resources from nearby cities, and adding new police forces to the countryside.Policing was defined as a state interest by most politicians from left to right, and from an early-stage nationalisation of the different police forces was established as a long-term political goal. Conceptually, the differences between cities and the countryside decreased over time, making the idea of a single national police institution more and more attractive. Conflicting ideas about the short-term solutions to problems in urban and rural districts, however, affected Parliament’s ability to implement reform, making it increasingly difficult to merge the three police institutions and to take the necessary steps towards nationalisation. This can be explained through historical institutionalism and the lock-in effects of path dependence. The institutional structures of the city police, rural police, and regional police made cooperation unfavourable. New police reforms sought ways to facilitate cooperation or consolidation but, in the end, politicians conformed to the existing institutions by further accepting, and even enhancing, the differences between urban and rural policing. This was contradictory to the main political idea behind nationalisation: to create a uniform and more flexible police system. Nationalisation could only be achieved after the institutional structures had been torn down. The main steps had been taken in the 1940s as major changes in Sweden’s administrative system took place, altering the trajectory of police reform. At the same time policing had gone through the aforementioned crucial conceptual changes, easing the transition to a single organisation. Thus, the police changed from three separate institutions to a single national police institution. The process was slow and gradual, taking almost a century to achieve.
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| 2. |
- Bogatic, Wirginia, 1969-
(författare)
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Exilens dilemma: att stanna eller att återvända : Beslut i Sverige av polska kvinnor som överlevde KZ-lägret Ravensbrück och räddades till Sverige 1945-1947
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis is about the intersection of great narratives and individual decisions. In the intersection, the dilemma of exile is discussed: to remain in exile or return to one’s homeland. The decision to remain or return was made by the surviving Polish female concentration camp prisoners that were brought back to Sweden in 1945 with the Red Cross rescue operation.The women’s decisions have been contextualized by being placed against the political, social and economic upheavals that took place primarily in Poland, but also partly in Sweden, as well as in the international environment with which the new Poland had to form a relationship following the Second World War.The thesis moves between three levels: the micro level, comprising the individuals, their choices and experiences; the macro level, including the surrounding social, economic and political structures; the meso level, which merges the individual, her network and the state. The theoretical framework is on the one hand based on Reinhart Koselleck’s concepts of “realm of experience” and “expectations” that structure the time horizon and refer to the universal, and on the other hand, the sociological concept of generations and Svante Lundberg's model of exile with the concepts of Circumstance, Frame and Meaning. Both Koselleck and Lundberg focus on the individual / group and structural context. Sources used have been material from the Swedish Government and the two Polish governments and their agencies. In addition, a number of Polish and Swedish newspapers published during the period 1945-1947 as well as material from the Polish Source Institute in Lund (PIZ) have been studied. Thirteen in-depth interviews with the surviving women (both in Poland and Sweden) have been carried out, resulting in so-called life stories, with the objective of providing an answer to the question of why some of them remained in Sweden after the war while others returned to Poland. In the women's life stories, some themes can be distinguished: the common realm of experience, being adherent to the same sociological generation with a manifest collective memory (which in part developed differently depending on their decisions to remain or return), a link between war and captivity and expectations for the future. Otherwise, the life stories highlight the women's construction of identity, which is affected by growing up in the between-war Poland, the time during World War II and the occupation. It also reveals that these experiences influenced their decision: remaining and returning.
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| 3. |
- Hansson, Sara, 1977-
(författare)
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I den goda vårdens namn : Sinnesslövård i 1950-talets Sverige
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1952 the Swedish parliament commissioned a total evaluation of 13,000 institutionalized individuals designated in the terminology of the day as feeble-minded. The evaluation provides a unique opportunity to attain new knowledge about how the system of institutionalized care of the feeble-minded developed, functioned and was eventually transformed. The main objective of the evaluation, carried out between 1955 and 1959, was to determine if anyone was being held at an institution against their will. Another aim was to find out if inmates were placed in the right type of institution. The same physician examined all 13,000 inmates and the results were nothing less than sensational. Only 39 were considered not to be feeble-minded and only around 500 were considered to be in the wrong type of institution.The institutional system of care for the feeble-minded developed from a few philanthropic institutions in the late 19th century into a complex system of public and private institutions that included various types of schools, work-houses, asylums and hospitals. In order for the system to work it was necessary to transfer inmates between the various institutions, that is, a differentiation process. As the system became more complex new categories of inmates were created and the institutions became more dependent on each other. For the inmates this must have been quite confusing since they were classified differently depending on where they were placed. Initially the dream was to create a rational, modern system of care. The evaluation was thought to be a rational response that would resolve shortcomings in the system, although in the end it revealed that the entire system was clearly irrational. The 1950s mark a turning point, not only in the care of the feeble-minded, but in all types of care, as new experts began questioning the usefulness of institutionalized care.
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| 4. |
- Kvist Geverts, Karin, 1974-
(författare)
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Ett främmande element i nationen : Svensk flyktingpolitik och de judiska flyktingarna 1938−1944
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of social categorization and discrimination, as well as the connection between them. This has been accomplished by examining Swedish refugee policy towards Jewish refugees during the Second World War and the Holocaust, as conducted by The Foreigner’s Bureau of the National Board of Health and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 1938−1944. The study also compares the Swedish refugee policy with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States. The investigation is guided by such concepts as social categorization, discrimination, antisemitism, organizational culture and established practice. The primary sources are documents, minutes and personal dossiers; Svensk författningssamling (legislation) and articles in Sociala Meddelanden (the National Board’s official journal).The main conclusions are that Sweden was not perceived as a country of immigration, based partly of the widespread fear that too many Jewish refugees would create a “Jewish Question”. Swedish authorities discriminated against Jewish refugees on grounds of “race” through a process of categorization. This process began already in the 1920’s, and gradually transformed the definition of “Jew” from a religious to a “racial” definition, based on the Nuremberg Laws. The differentiation of Jewish refugees in official statistics ceased in September 1943, yet it continued secretly until February 1944, encompassing the Norwegian and Danish Jews as well. One important result shows that the shift in policy – from discrimination to large scale reception – was a slow process where this differentiating practice and antisemitic perceptions remained operative. What is defined as an antisemitic background bustle is used to explain how moderate antisemitic expressions were perceived as “unbiased” and “normal” within the Swedish society. Though Sweden’s refugee policy seems similar to that of other countries surveyed, the shift in policy stands out as unique in comparison.
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| 5. |
- Tydén, Mattias, 1963-
(författare)
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Från politik till praktik : de svenska steriliseringslagarna 1935-1975
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The subject of this thesis is the Swedish policy of eugenic and non-eugenic sterilisation 1935-75. It aims to describe and analyse the policy-making process in Parliament and its implementations on the central (National Board of Health) and local levels. A central theme is the way in which the sterilisation policy was formed and transformed, throughout the policy-making process and over time. This is, in part, explained by the personnel at the National Board of Health, acting at their own discretion, and various officials, groups and individuals at the local levels. Another issue dealt with is the use of coercion and pressure, especially up to the early 1950s.Due to the transformations during the policy process, and chronologically, the sterilisations in Sweden 1935-75 cannot be understood as the outcome of one specific political program or goal. It is probably possible to distinguish at least three different ”sterilisation policies” rather than one: first a eugenic policy which was formulated by the state, with participation of professionals, which influenced the general implementation in the 1930s and 1940s; second a policy originating from institutions and social boards at the local level with emphasis on coercion and persuasion, but motivated by local concerns rather than eugenics; and thirdly a post-war policy gradually evolving from the below and with a stronger focus on the interests and preferences of the individual.
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| 6. |
- Åteg, Mattias, 1974-
(författare)
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Aktiviteter och lärande för attraktivt arbete. : Utvecklingsprocesser inom verkstadsindustrin
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Avhandlingsarbetet utgår från ett nätverk av mindre verkstadsföretag som under mer än fem års tid varit engagerade i utvecklingsprocesser för att skapa mer attraktiva arbeten. Arbetet har genomförts inom ramen för att…-projektet i samverkan mellan Högskolan Dalarna och Arbetslivsinstitutet. Det övergripande syftet är att utveckla kunskap om och förståelse för utvecklingsprocesser med utgångspunkt i att skapa mer attraktivt arbete. Särskilt intresse ägnas åt hur dynamiken i utvecklingsprocesserna kan analyseras utifrån ett lärandeperspektiv. Ett resonemang förs om utvecklingsprocessernas karaktär och om egenskaper i arbetets attraktivitet. Ansatsen kan beskrivas som interaktiv forskning med tät interaktion med praktiker i verkstadsföretag och i lokalt utvecklingsarbete. Metodansatsen är aktions-, och processorienterad. Attraktivt arbete ses som ett processuellt begrepp, dvs ett strävansmål utifrån individers upplevelser, vilka är stadda under förändring. En distinktion görs mellan en skalbetonad (tilldragande) och en innehållsbetonad (behållande) egenskap. Avhandlingen baseras på fyra delstudier. Utifrån tidigare forskning och eget material skapas en analysram över utvecklingsprocessers dynamik avseende aktivitetsnivåer och lärdimensioner. Processer kan ut¬ifrån ramen karaktäriseras som ställföreträdande förändring, skalförändrande utveckling, temporärt förändrande utveckling eller reflektiv utveckling. Faktaunderlag och diskussioner har i en spegelmetod utgjort grund för företagens reflektion om interna och externa förhållanden. Aktiviteter för att skapa attraktiva arbeten har skett på diagnos-, intentions-, och handlingsnivå. Analysramen tillämpas på dels utvecklingsprocesser inom fem verkstadsföretag, dels lokalt utvecklingsarbetet för mer attraktiv industriutbildning.
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