| 1. |
- Lindberg, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence and distribution of synthetic organic substances in boreal coniferous forest soils fertilized with hygienized municipal sewage sludge
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sewage and landfill leachate. - : Berghahn Books. - 9781771883955 - 9781771883948 ; , s. 121-145
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the Swedish government in 2006, the growth of the Swedish forest should increase 20% the following ten years, by means of fertilization, in order to replace the use of fossil fuels [1]. A similar conclusion was made during the evaluation of the Forest Bill 2007 [2]. In addition, the usage of such fertilizers in forest land should increase. The most essential nutrient for growth is nitrogen, and forest fertilization with nitrogen based fertilizers has been done over a long period [3]. An increase in growth, in the range of 15–20 m3·ha−1, is possible with a nitrogen dose of 150 kg·ha−1. Today, approximately 60,000 ha is fertilized in Sweden each year. On withdrawal of whole trees and rejected tops and branches, a larger nutrient loss is expected via needles, in comparison to the traditional collection of timber and pulpwood. In addition, the losses in growth due to nitrogen deficiency may also follow thinning [4]. Today, wood ash is recommended in order to compensate for the nutrient output following collection of tops and branches [5]. However, the ash lacks nitrogen and may cause growth reductions in less fertile soils [6].
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| 2. |
- Pu, Xiao, et al.
(författare)
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Responses of soil carbon and nitrogen to successive land use conversion in seasonally frozen zones
- 2015
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Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Netherlands. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 387:1-2, s. 117-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy-oriented successive land use conversion intensively occurred in seasonally frozen zones of China during the past five decades. However, responses of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) to land use conversion under cold temperate climates are not fully understood. The objective was to characterize C and N variations following a succession of forest, dryland and paddy. Soil cores were collected for 6 layers with a 10 cm increment from three adjacent chronosequences to determine concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen (HN). Analysis of variance with multivariate general linear model was operated on data sets. Significant losses of SOC and TN storages subject to land use conversion were merely confined within 0 - 10 cm layer, decreasing by 16 % and 38 % for forest to dryland and by 23 % and 43 % for forest to paddy, respectively. Cultivation also influenced SOC and TN stocks at 20 - 40 cm depth for dryland and 20 - 60 cm depth for paddy with increases by 38 Mg C ha(-1) and 2.8 Mg N ha(-1) for forest to dryland, and by 56 Mg C ha(-1) and 4.1 Mg N ha(-1) for forest to paddy, respectively. Successive land use conversion from forest to cropland affected C and N levels in deeper layers, demonstrating the high potentials of subsoil in sequestrating C and N. The extents of cultivation-induced SOC and TN redistribution along soil profile varied among different agricultural systems. DOC and HN changes interpreted SOC and TN changes with land use, presenting high involvements of soluble compartments in SOC and TN variations. The net variation in SOC/TN ratio effectively indicated C and N changes when dryland was converted to paddy.
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| 3. |
- Bidleman, Terry, et al.
(författare)
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Atmospheric pathways of chlorinated pesticides and natural bromoanisoles in the northern Baltic Sea and its catchment
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 44, s. 472-483
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-range atmospheric transport is a major pathway for delivering persistent organic pollutants to the oceans. Atmospheric deposition and volatilization of chlorinated pesticides and algae-produced bromoanisoles (BAs) were estimated for Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea, based on air and water concentrations measured in 2011-2012. Pesticide fluxes were estimated using monthly air and water temperatures and assuming 4 months ice cover when no exchange occurs. Fluxes were predicted to increase by about 50 % under a 2069-2099 prediction scenario of higher temperatures and no ice. Total atmospheric loadings to Bothnian Bay and its catchment were derived from air-sea gas exchange and bulk'' (precipitation ? dry particle) deposition, resulting in net gains of 53 and 46 kg year(-1) for endosulfans and hexachlorocyclohexanes, respectively, and net loss of 10 kg year(-1) for chlordanes. Volatilization of BAs releases bromine to the atmosphere and may limit their residence time in Bothnian Bay. This initial study provides baseline information for future investigations of climate change on biogeochemical cycles in the northern Baltic Sea and its catchment.
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| 4. |
- Cerveny, D., et al.
(författare)
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Neuroactive drugs and other pharmaceuticals found in blood plasma of wild European fish
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To gain a better understanding of which pharmaceuticals could pose a risk to fish, 94 pharmaceuticals representing 23 classes were analyzed in blood plasma from wild bream, chub, and roach captured at 18 sites in Germany, the Czech Republic and the UK, respectively. Based on read across from humans, we evaluated the risks of pharmacological effects occurring in the fish for each measured pharmaceutical. Twenty-three compounds were found in fish plasma, with the highest levels measured in chub from the Czech Republic. None of the German bream had detectable levels of pharmaceuticals, whereas roach from the Thames had mostly low concentrations. For two pharmaceuticals, four individual Czech fish had plasma concentrations higher than the concentrations reached in the blood of human patients taking the corresponding medication. For nine additional compounds, determined concentrations exceeded 10% of the corresponding human therapeutic plasma concentration in 12 fish. The majority of the pharmaceuticals where a clear risk for pharmacological effects was identified targets the central nervous system. These include e.g. flupentixol, haloperidol, and risperidone, all of which have the potential to affect fish behavior. In addition to identifying pharmaceuticals of environmental concern, the results emphasize the value of environmental monitoring of internal drug levels in aquatic wildlife, as well as the need for more research to establish concentration-response relationships. © 2020 The Author(s)
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| 5. |
- Jansson, Stina, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of injection of di- and tricyclic aromatic compounds on post-combustion formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans
- 2011
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 409:18, s. 3386-3393
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The formation of mono- to octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PC(1-8)DD) and dibenzofurans (PC(1-8)DF) was studied using a model waste in a laboratory-scale combustion reactor with simultaneous collection of flue gas at three different temperatures (450°C, 300°C, and 200°C) in the post-combustion zone. To investigate the influence of chlorination reactions and the effects of carbon backbone-containing compounds present in the flue gases, five aromatic compounds were injected into the flue gas, namely dibenzofuran (DF), biphenyl (BP), naphthalene, phenanthrene and fluorene. The injection of DF induced a reduction in the concentration of PC(3-5)DD, but did not significantly influence the concentration of PCDF. A reduction in the concentration of PC(3-5)DD was also observed during the injection of fluorene, which is structurally very similar to DF. The injection of biphenyl, naphthalene and phenanthrene had less pronounced effects on the formation of PCDD and PCDF. A possible explanation of the observed changes during injection of DF and fluorene, based on homologue profiles and affected congeners, involves formation of radical species from fluorene and/or dibenzofuran. The fluorene radical is stabilized by the delocalization of electrons across the aromatic ring structure and has the propensity to react with highly abundant hydrogen chloride, whereas the molecular species would require reaction with Cl(2) or chlorine radicals.
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| 6. |
- Ouyang, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Watershed soil Cd loss after long-term agricultural practice and biochar amendment under four rainfall levels
- 2017
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Ingår i: Water Research. - : Elsevier. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 122, s. 692-700
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some heavy metals in farmland soil can be transported into the waterbody, affecting the water quality and sediment at the watershed outlet, which can be used to determine the historical loss pattern. Cd is a typical heavy metal leached from farmland that is related to phosphate fertilizers and carries serious environmental risk. The spatial-vertical pattern of Cd in soil and the vertical trend of Cd in the river sediment core were analyzed, which showed the migration and accumulation of Cd in the watershed. To prevent watershed Cd loss, biochar was employed, and leaching experiments were conducted to investigate the Cd loss from soil depending on the initial concentration. Four rainfall intensities, 1.25 mm/h, 2.50 mm/h, 5.00 mm/h, and 10.00 mm/h, were used to simulate typical rainfall scenarios for the study area. Biochar was prepared from corn straw after pretreatment with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) and pyrolysis at 400 °C under anoxic conditions. To identify the effects of biochar amendment on Cd migration, the biochar was mixed with soil for 90 days at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0% soil by weight. The results showed that the Cd leaching load increased as the initial load and rainfall intensity increased and that eluviation caused surface Cd to diffuse to the deep soils. The biochar application caused more of the heavy metals to be immobilized in the amended soil rather than transported into the waterbody. The sorption efficiency of the biochar for Cd increased as the addition level increased to 3%, which showed better performance than the 5% addition level under some initial concentration and rainfall conditions. The research indicated that biochar is a potential material to prevent diffuse heavy metal pollution and that a lower addition makes the application more feasible.
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| 7. |
- Pu, Xiao, et al.
(författare)
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Indications of soil properties on dissolved organic carbon variability following a successive land use conversion
- 2018
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Ingår i: Ecological Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0925-8574 .- 1872-6992. ; 117, s. 115-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In seasonal freeze-thaw zones of NE China, the policy-oriented land management has caused successive land use conversions of native woodland, dry cropland and paddy field for food security. Controls of soil property factors on soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics might vary with deforestation. This study aimed to test performance of soil properties interpreting DOC variability along soil profile following a vegetation succession of native forest, rainfed crops (maize-soybean rotations) and paddy rice in an observation area of the Sanjiang Plain. The linear mixed effects model evaluated relative importance of soil properties with comparisons of adjusting and not adjusting for random effects of land use and soil depth as subject variables. The modeling results revealed presence of consistent soil property factors indicating DOC dynamics before and after deforestation. When excluding interferences of land uses and soil layers, interpretations of soil properties were weakened. Soil moisture and bulk density predominantly accounted for DOC variability across land uses, presenting greater estimated effects (0.69 and -0.64, respectively) over those of total nitrogen, soil organic carbon and hydrolyzable nitrogen (0.49, 0.44 and 0.31, respectively). But no soil property factor indicated DOC variability with soil depth. Further research is needed to understand why indications of soil moisture and bulk density on DOC dynamics would differ between horizontal and vertical.
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| 8. |
- Yacout, Dalia, et al.
(författare)
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An evaluation of different climate matrices used in biomass energy research
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 9780444643094 - 9780444643100 ; , s. 179-204
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Renewable energy production from biomass sources and related bio-based economy is gaining more and more attention nowadays. Research related to biomass and bio-based fuels is an important part of the strategic agenda of many countries in Europe and Asia. Furthermore, upscaling investigation in the area is undergoing in many other countries around the globe like United States, China, and India. The expansion of the biofuels usage raises concerns related to their production sustainability, including several environmental, economic, and social aspects. The aim of this chapter is to present in detail the evaluation of different climate matrices used in global biomass energy research. A strategic framework for production of biofuels and their utilization is also presented. This strategic framework merges the different environmental indicators and conversion technologies in order to achieve a sustainable circular bio-based economy.
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| 9. |
- Yacout, Dalia M.M., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of forest-based biofuels for Arctic marine shipping
- 2021
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International shipping in the Arctic region is one of the key contributors to changes in the region due to the generated air emissions from marine fuels combustion, usage of forest-based biofuels as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels in marine shipping seem as an attractive alternative. However, a system analysis perspective is needed to ensure its sustainability. Life cycle assessment was used to estimate the environmental impacts of the production and use of two forest-based biofuels. These fuels, biodiesel and bioethanol, were derived from pulp and paper mills for use by marine shipping. They were compared to fossil fuels currently used by the marine shipping industry, those being Marine Gas Oil (MGO) and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). Future projection scenarios in 2030 and 2050 for estimating the environmental impacts of a transition from fossil fuels to biofuels in Arctic shipping were studied as well. The results indicate that a holistic view is very important for biofuel use. The production and use of forest-based bioethanol (BE) had a significantly lower impact on climate change (CC) potential, but had a higher impact on Human toxicity non-cancer effects (HTX), Human toxicity cancer effects (CE), Particulate matter (PM), Photochemical ozone formation (POF), Acidification potential (AP), Terrestrial eutrophication (TE), Freshwater Eutrophication (FE), Marine eutrophication (ME) and Freshwater Ecotoxicity (FEC). Replacing HFO with forest-based biodiesel reduced the potential AP by 55%. It also had a lower impact on the categories CC, PM, POF, TE, ME and FEC. Furthermore, a reduction in emissions generated by shipping in the Arctic and a better overall environmental performance can be achieved by using blends of MGO with BE.
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| 10. |
- Yadav, Pooja, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Impact and Environmental Cost Assessment of Methanol Production from wood biomass
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 265:Part A
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing demand for biofuel production and global competition for the use of natural resources are key factors in finding new and environmentally safe routes for methanol production. In the present study, life cycle assessment was used to analyse the potential environmental impact and environmental cost of a novel methanol production process from wood compared to a conventional processes. Both the novel and the conventional process were divided into three stages: pre-treatment, gasification, and syngas cleaning and methanol synthesis. The environmental impacts were assessed and compared using Simapro 9 (ecoinvent 3.5 database) and the ReCiPe 2016 (World-H) midpoint method. The results, expressed per tonne methanol, showed that the impact categories of global warming potential (GWP) and marine ecotoxicity potential were lower in the novel process in comparison to the conventional process (48.2 kg CO2 eq. vs. 63.1 kg CO2 eq., and 4.55 kg 1,4-DCB vs. 6.35 kg 1,4-DCB respectively). However, the novel process had a higher environmental impact in the pre-treatment stage. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the GWP of the novel process increased from 48.2 kg CO2 eq. to 216 kg CO2 eq. due to the replacement of Na2CO3 by K2CO3. The human toxicity impact categories showed significant impact on environmental cost. These findings will help relevant industries to reduce their environmental impact and improve the production efficiency of methanol from wood.
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