| 1. |
- Antoniou, Maria G., et al.
(författare)
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Required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1026 .- 0048-9697. ; 456, s. 42-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the this study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality, originated from different raw wastewater and wastewater treatment processes. Secondary effluents from six Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) were spiked with 42 APIs (nominal concentration 1 mu g/L) and treated with different O-3 doses (0.5-12.0 mg/L ozone) in bench-scale experiments. In order to compare the sensitivity of APIs in each matrix, the specific dose of ozone required to achieve reduction by one decade of each investigated API (DDO3) was determined for each effluent by fitting a first order equation to the remaining concentration of API at each applied ozone dose. Ozone dose requirements were found to vary significantly between effluents depending on their matrix characteristics. The specific ozone dose was then normalized to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of each effluent. The DDO3/DOC ratios were comparable for each API between the effluents. 15 of the 42 investigated APIs could be classified as easily degradable (DDO3/DOC <= 0.7), while 19 were moderately degradable (0.7 < DDO3/DOC <= 1.4), and 8 were recalcitrant towards O-3-treatment (DDO3/DOC > 1.4). Furthermore, we predict that a reasonable estimate of the ozone dose required to remove any of the investigated APIs may be attained by multiplying the experimental average DDO3/DOC obtained with the actual DOC of any effluent. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Antoniou, Maria G., et al.
(författare)
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Variability in required ozone doses for removing pharmaceuticals from wastewater effluents
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology. - : Global Nest, Secretariat. - 9789607475510
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim of study. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ozone dosage required to remove active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from biologically treated wastewater of varying quality originating from different wastewater treatment processes. Methods. Secondary effluents from six Swedish wastewater treatment plants (VWVTP) were spiked with 42 APIs (nominal concentration 1pg/L) and treated with different 03 doses (0.5-12.0 mg/L ozone) in bench-scale experiments (Antoniou et al, 2012). Concentrations of APIs were measured by SPE extraction using OASIS HLB cartridges followed by quantification using LC-MS-MS (Grabic et al, 2012).. Results. For each wastewater effluent a profile of sensitivity of each API to a range of ozone doses were generated as shown in Figure 1.
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Elucidating selection processes for antibiotic resistance in sewage treatment plants using metagenomics
- 2016
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 572, s. 697-712
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sewage treatment plants (STPs) have repeatedly been suggested as “hotspots” for the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A critical question still unanswered is if selection pressures within STPs, caused by residual antibiotics or other co-selective agents, are sufficient to specifically promote resistance. To address this, we employed shotgun metagenomic sequencing of samples from different steps of the treatment process in three Swedish STPs. In parallel, concentrations of selected antibiotics, biocides and metals were analyzed. We found that concentrations of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the influent were above predicted concentrations for resistance selection, however, there was no consistent enrichment of resistance genes to any particular class of antibiotics in the STPs, neither for biocide and metal resistance genes. The most substantial change of the bacterial communities compared to human feces occurred already in the sewage pipes, manifested by a strong shift from obligate to facultative anaerobes. Through the treatment process, resistance genes against antibiotics, biocides and metals were not reduced to the same extent as fecal bacteria. The OXA-48 gene was consistently enriched in surplus and digested sludge. We find this worrying as OXA-48, still rare in Swedish clinical isolates, provides resistance to carbapenems, one of our most critically important classes of antibiotics. Taken together, metagenomics analyses did not provide clear support for specific antibiotic resistance selection. However, stronger selective forces affecting gross taxonomic composition, and with that resistance gene abundances, limit interpretability. Comprehensive analyses of resistant/non-resistant strains within relevant species are therefore warranted.
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| 4. |
- Björlenius, Berndt, et al.
(författare)
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Pharmaceutical residues are widespread in Baltic Sea coastal and offshore waters – Screening for pharmaceuticals and modelling of environmental concentrations of carbamazepine
- 2018
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 633, s. 1496-1509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The consumption of pharmaceuticals worldwide coupled with modest removal efficiencies of sewage treatment plants have resulted in the presence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems globally. In this study, we investigated the environmental concentrations of a selection of 93 pharmaceuticals in 43 locations in the Baltic Sea and Skagerrak. The Baltic Sea is vulnerable to anthropogenic activities due to a long turnover time and a sensitive ecosystem in the brackish water. Thirty-nine of 93 pharmaceuticals were detected in at least one sample, with concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 80 ng/L. One of the pharmaceuticals investigated, the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine, was widespread in coastal and offshore seawaters (present in 37 of 43 samples). In order to predict concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the sub-basins of the Baltic Sea, a mass balance-based grey box model was set up and the persistent, widely used carbamazepine was selected as the model substance. The model was based on hydrological and meteorological sub-basin characteristics, removal data from smaller watersheds and wastewater treatment plants, and statistics relating to population, consumption and excretion rate of carbamazepine in humans. The grey box model predicted average environmental concentrations of carbamazepine in sub-basins with no significant difference from the measured concentrations, amounting to 0.57-3.2 ng/L depending on sub-basin location. In the Baltic Sea, the removal rate of carbamazepine in seawater was estimated to be 6.2 10(-9) s(-1) based on a calculated half-life time of 3.5 years at 10 degrees C, which demonstrates the long response time of the environment to measures phasing out persistent or slowly degradable substances such as carbamazepine. Sampling, analysis and grey box modelling were all valuable in describing the presence and removal of carbamazepine in the Baltic Sea.
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| 5. |
- Cerveny, D., et al.
(författare)
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Neuroactive drugs and other pharmaceuticals found in blood plasma of wild European fish
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To gain a better understanding of which pharmaceuticals could pose a risk to fish, 94 pharmaceuticals representing 23 classes were analyzed in blood plasma from wild bream, chub, and roach captured at 18 sites in Germany, the Czech Republic and the UK, respectively. Based on read across from humans, we evaluated the risks of pharmacological effects occurring in the fish for each measured pharmaceutical. Twenty-three compounds were found in fish plasma, with the highest levels measured in chub from the Czech Republic. None of the German bream had detectable levels of pharmaceuticals, whereas roach from the Thames had mostly low concentrations. For two pharmaceuticals, four individual Czech fish had plasma concentrations higher than the concentrations reached in the blood of human patients taking the corresponding medication. For nine additional compounds, determined concentrations exceeded 10% of the corresponding human therapeutic plasma concentration in 12 fish. The majority of the pharmaceuticals where a clear risk for pharmacological effects was identified targets the central nervous system. These include e.g. flupentixol, haloperidol, and risperidone, all of which have the potential to affect fish behavior. In addition to identifying pharmaceuticals of environmental concern, the results emphasize the value of environmental monitoring of internal drug levels in aquatic wildlife, as well as the need for more research to establish concentration-response relationships. © 2020 The Author(s)
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| 6. |
- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Antiviral Oseltamivir is not removed or degraded in normal sewage water treatment : Implications for development of resistance by influenza A virus
- 2007
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 2:10, s. e986-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oseltamivir is the main antiviral for treatment and prevention of pandemic influenza. The increase in oseltamivir resistance reported recently has therefore sparked a debate on how to use oseltamivir in non pandemic influenza and the risks associated with wide spread use during a pandemic. Several questions have been asked about the fate of oseltamivir in the sewage treatment plants and in the environment. We have assessed the fate of oseltamivir and discuss the implications of environmental residues of oseltamivir regarding the occurrence of resistance. A series of batch experiments that simulated normal sewage treatment with oseltamivir present was conducted and the UV-spectra of oseltamivir were recorded. Findings: Our experiments show that the active moiety of oseltamivir is not removed in normal sewage water treatments and is not degraded substantially by UV light radiation, and that the active substance is released in waste water leaving the plant. Our conclusion is that a ubiquitous use of oseltamivir may result in selection pressures in the environment that favor development of drug-resistance.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Bioconcentration of Pharmaceuticals
- 2010. - 1
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Ingår i: Towards Sustainable Pharmaceuticals in a Healthy Society. - Stockholm : Elander Sverige AB. - 9789197883603 ; , s. 36-45
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Residues of human pharmaceuticals have been widely detected in various parts of the environment and trace concentrations are often found in sewage effl uent and surface waters, typically ranging from low ng L-1 to low μg L-1 levels (Lindberg et al., 2005; Nikolaou et al., 2007; Loos et al., 2009). These concentrations, however, are orders of magnitude below the therapeutic concentrations reached in human blood plasma. Thus, the potential for a physiological impact of pharmaceuticals on water-living organisms (such as fi sh) have been questioned. On the other hand, the levels measured in surface waters do not simply mirror the levels encountered by the receptors or enzymes present inside the fi sh living in these waters. Indeed, levels of pharmaceutical in for example fi sh blood plasma is sometimes much higher than the levels in the surrounding water. This can be explained by the concepts of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation.
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| 9. |
- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water from pharmaceutical production
- 2009
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : SETAC Journals. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 28:12, s. 2522-2527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Low levels of pharmaceuticals are detected in surface, ground, and drinking water worldwide. Usage and incorrect disposal have been considered the major environmental sources of these micro-contaminants. Recent publications, however, suggest that wastewater from drug production can potentially be a source of much higher concentrations in certain locations. We investigated the environmental fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients in a major production area for the global bulk-drug market. Water samples were taken from a common effluent treatment plant near Hyderabad, India, which receives process water from about 90 bulk drug manufacturers. Surface water was analyzed from the recipient stream and from two lakes that are not contaminated by the treatment plant. Water samples were also taken from wells in six nearby villages. The samples were analyzed for the presence of twelve pharmaceuticals with LC-MS/MS. All wells were determined to be contaminated with drugs. Ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, cetirizine, terbinafine and citalopram were detected at >1microg l-1 in several wells. Very high concentrations of ciprofloxacin (up to 14 mg L-1) and other pharmaceuticals (up to 2 mg L-1) were found in the effluent of the treatment plant and in the two lakes (up to 6.5 mg L-1). Thus, insufficient wastewater treatment in one of the world's largest centers for bulk drug production leads to unprecedented drug contamination of surface, ground, and drinking water. This raises serious concerns regarding the development of antibiotic resistance, and it creates a major challenge for producers and regulatory agencies to improve the situation.
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| 10. |
- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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Predicted critical environmental concentrations for 500 pharmaceuticals
- 2010
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Ingår i: Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology. - : Elsevier. - 0273-2300 .- 1096-0295. ; 58:3, s. 516-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing number of pharmaceuticals are found in surface waters worldwide, raising concerns about their effects on aquatic organisms and it is a major challenge to develop a rational strategy for prioritizing drugs on which to focus the most extensive environmental research efforts. However, in contrast to most other chemicals, very good understanding of the human potency of pharmaceuticals has been obtained through efficacy and safety testing. Assuming that a drug acts primarily through the same target(s) also in a non-target species, it would be possible to predict the likelihood for pharmacological interactions in wildlife. Among aquatic organisms, fish most often share drug targets with humans. In this study, we have calculated the predicted critical environmental concentration (CECs), i.e. the surface water concentration expected to cause a pharmacological effect in fish, for 500 pharmaceuticals, assuming equivalent pharmacological activity. The CECs are based on literature data on human potencies together with a predicted bioconcentration factor in fish for each drug based on lipophilicity. We propose that CECs could be used as preliminary indicators of specific drugs' potential to cause adverse pharmacological effects at specific water concentrations, used when selecting pharmaceuticals to include in screening campaigns and for assessing relevant detection limits.
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