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- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 5. |
- Khaware, Alok, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical Simulation of a Radial Free Surface Liquid Jet Impinging on a Heated Surface
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (JFFHMT). - : Avestia Publishing. - 2368-6111. ; 8, s. 33-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Impinging liquid jets have been demonstrated to be an effective means of providing high heat transfer rates, and widely used in designing cooling systems for electronic modules, plastic manufacturing, and many other applications in the industry. It is very important to study the factors which govern the heat transfer rate in the liquid impingement on a heated surface to ensure cooling efficiency. The paper presents a numerical approach to study the convective heat transfer of circular liquid jet impingement on a heated surface where influencing factors like surface tension, gravity, viscosity, surface temperature etc. are considered. Finite volume method (FVM) with pressure based coupled solver implemented in commercial ANSYS Fluent CFD is used to solve Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations. Free surface flow is modelled using Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method along with the compressive scheme and sharp interface modelling which accurately captures interfaces between immiscible fluids. The liquid film formation and the heat transfer phenomenon are examined in detail. The influence of jet velocity profiles on pressure distribution and heat transfer along the heated surface is presented. The results obtained from numerical solution are validated against experiment and previously published work with a close match.
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| 6. |
- Khaware, Alok, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical Simulation of Steam Bubble Condensation Using Thermal Phase Change Model
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (JFFHMT). - : Avestia Publishing. - 2368-6111. ; 8, s. 42-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaporation and condensation phenomena play a significant role in many of the nuclear, biochemical, and thermal processes in industrial applications. It is a complicated phenomenon as it undergoes both heat and mass transfer processes along with the complexities involved in the interfacial regions of vapor and liquid phases. Several experimental works have been carried out in the recent past to understand the condensation process in detail. However, understanding the phenomenon using computational technique is more advantageous as the interfacial mass transfer between gas and liquid can be modelled accurately. In the present work, condensation of a saturated vapor bubble in the sub-cooled liquid is studied, and various factors that influence the bubble shape change and the bubble lifetime, are evaluated. The analysis is carried out using the ‘Multi-Fluid Volume of Fluid’ and ‘Thermal Phase Change’ (TPC) models implemented in ANSYS Fluent commercial CFD solver. A detailed study is performed to obtain the best approach for calculating interfacial area density using a ‘user-defined function’ (UDF), and the advantage of the node-based gradient calculation method is exhibited. The numerical results obtained for the history of bubble shape and bubble lifetime are validated against the experiment and previously published works with good accuracy. The paper also elaborates on how the initial bubble diameter, the subcooling temperature, and the system pressure affects the shape and lifetime of the bubble during the condensation process.
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| 7. |
- Sam, Lydia, et al.
(författare)
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Use of Geospatial Tools to Prioritize Zones of Hydro-Energy Potential in Glaciated Himalayan Terrain
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0255-660X .- 0974-3006. ; 44:3, s. 409-420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable development of the Himalayan region is directly linked to optimal utilization of available renewable resources. There is a need to first select the zones suitable for hydropower sites, and then to focus on them only; as purely field-based surveying of rugged mountainous regions for hydropower generation requires too much of time and effort. We used geospatial tools to identify suitable sites for hydropower generation. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based tool called Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) was used for computing annual runoff volume using watershed-wise topography and biophysical variables. The zones suitable for hydropower generation were then identified based on calculated hydropower energy using derived runoff volumes and hydraulic head. The model accuracy was checked using well established efficiency criteria: coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.98), RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR), Percent bias (PBIAS) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). For all these parameters, the model was found to be performing satisfactorily.
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