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- Cacciani, P., et al.
(author)
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Lifetime measurements of the e1II, v = 0 and v = 1 states of12C16O, 13C16O, and13C18O
- 1998
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - 0004-637X. ; 499:2 PART II, s. 223-226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a laboratory investigation using tunable picosecond lasers in a pump-probe configuration, lifetimes of the E 1u, v = 0 and v = 1 states of CO are experimentally determined. For E 'D, v = 1, the lifetime is found to vary significantly for the isotopomers. Combining the data with existing oscillator strengths, predissociation probabilities within the range of 93.6%-98.6% result for 12C16O, 13C16O, and 13C18O in the case of the E 1u, v = I state, which is the state that predominantly influences the isotopic fractionation of CO in interstellar clouds.
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- Wahlstrom, R., et al.
(author)
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Variations in general practitioners' views of asthma management in four European countries
- 2001
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In: Social Science and Medicine. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 53:4, s. 507-518
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim was to identify differences and similarities in views regarding asthma management among general practitioners in four European countries (Germany, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden), and to explore reasons for sub-optimal performance. The results are to be used for the development and tailoring of educational interventions. Semi-structured interviews with 20GPs in each country were conducted and analysed using a phenomenographic approach. The domains of (i) general view of asthma, (ii) the doctor-patient relationship in managing asthma, and (iii) overall management of asthma (treatment goals and evaluation of results) were approached during the interviews. There were different ways of experiencing phenomena related to asthma management both within and between the four countries. Three general views on asthma were found where different perspectives were emphasised: a medical, a 'global' (including community health, social and environmental aspects) and a patient's perspective. Within the medical perspective, only a few German doctors emphasised a psychological aetiology of asthma. The views on the doctor-patient relationship described as 'authoritarian', 'teaching' or 'empowering' occurred similarly in all countries. The majority of the doctors showed confidence in the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical treatment of asthma, some doctors were concerned about limitations, but only in Germany a few doctors were explicitly critical of the values of conventional pharmaceutical treatment. The main treatment goals were either conceived as getting the patient symptom-free (Netherlands, Norway, and Germany) or to control the inflammatory process (Sweden). Several German and some Norwegian doctors expressed the view that patients had to accept the disease and learn how to manage it, while a few German doctors aimed at alternative treatments of asthma. The existence of qualitatively different ways of experiencing asthma management, both in and between countries, calls for consideration when trying to implement general evidence-based treatment guidelines. A variation of approaches in continuing medical education for GPs is needed to address such existing beliefs and conceptions that could sometimes be opposed to the content of educational messages. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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- Batani, D., et al.
(author)
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Effects of laser prepulses on laser-induced proton generation
- 2010
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In: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Low-intensity laser prepulses (<10(13) W cm(-2), nanosecond duration) are a major issue in experiments on laser-induced generation of protons, often limiting the performances of proton sources produced by high-intensity lasers (approximate to 10(19) W cm(-2), picosecond or femtosecond duration). Depending on the intensity regime, several effects may be associated with the prepulse, some of which are discussed in this paper: (i) destruction of thin foil targets by the shock generated by the laser prepulse; (ii) creation of preplasma on the target front side affecting laser absorption; (iii) deformation of the target rear side; and (iv) whole displacement of thin foil targets affecting the focusing condition. In particular, we show that under oblique high-intensity irradiation and for low prepulse intensities, the proton beam is directed away from the target normal. Deviation is towards the laser forward direction, with an angle that increases with the level and duration of the ASE pedestal. Also, for a given laser pulse, the beam deviation increases with proton energy. The observations are discussed in terms of target normal sheath acceleration, in combination with a laser-controllable shock wave locally deforming the target surface.
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| 8. |
- McKenna, P., et al.
(author)
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Effects of front surface plasma expansion on proton acceleration in ultraintense laser irradiation of foil targets
- 2008
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In: Laser and Particle Beams. - 0263-0346. ; 26:4, s. 591-596
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The properties of beams of high energy protons accelerated during ultraintense, picosecond laser-irradiation of thin foil targets are investigated as a function of preplasma expansion at the target front surface. Significant enhancement in the maximum proton energy and laser-to-proton energy conversion efficiency is observed at optimum preplasma density gradients due, to self-focusing Of the incident laser pulse. For very long preplasma expansion, the propagating laser pulse is observed to filament, resulting in highly uniform proton beams, but with reduced flux and maximum energy.
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