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- Rockström, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A safe operating space for humanity
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Future of Nature. - : Yale University Press. - 9780300184617 ; , s. 491-501
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Boyd, Sally, 1949, et al.
(författare)
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Sociolinguistic variation among multilingual youth: Comparing Swedish cities and Toronto
- 2015
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Ingår i: Language, Youth and Identity in the 21st Century: Linguistic Practices Across Urban Spaces. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781139061896 ; , s. 290-306
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Introduction In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the sociolinguistic effects of multilingualism in urban settings around the world, as international immigration has resulted in formerly monolingual urban centres becoming increasingly diverse, both ethnically and linguistically. Clearly, such major changes in the linguistic make-up of many major cities in Europe and North America can be expected to have sociolinguistic consequences, and new patterns of sociolinguistic variation observed in the majority languages (MLs) as spoken by native-born multilingual young people have been labelled by some researchers as ‘ethnolects’ or ‘multiethnolects’ (Carlock and Wölck 1981; Kotsinas 1988a; Quist 2000, 2008). ‘(Multi)ethnolects’ are reported in European cities with MLs such as Danish, Dutch, French, German, Norwegian and Swedish (Doran 2002, 2004; Kallmeyer and Keim 2003; see Chapter 1, this volume) and in English-speaking cities in North America, the UK and Australia (e.g. Hoffman and Walker 2010; Kerswill, Torgersen and Fox 2008; Kiesling 2005; Chapter 2, this volume). In order for a set of linguistic features to be considered to be a new variety that could be labelled a ‘(multi)ethnolect’, we argue (following Fraurud and Boyd 2011, Hudson 1996 and Ferguson 1994) that at least two conditions should hold: first, users of the putative variety should orient themselves either to a specific ethnic origin (ethnolect) or to a general ‘non-mainstream’ identity (multiethnolect); second, the features of the putative new variety should be shared by a significant proportion of the individuals who orient themselves to their ethnolinguistic identity, should be used frequently and regularly, and should be identified as characteristic of these users. (An additional criterion, not explored in this chapter, is that variables should also show linguistic conditioning differing from that of mainstream speakers (Hoffman and Walker 2010).) If these conditions are not met (e.g. either group membership or linguistic variation are more diffuse and unfocused), we argue that there is little reason to consider the features to be anything other than part and parcel of the patterns of sociolinguistic variation found in multilingual urban centres (see e.g. Jaspers 2008; Quist 2008; Chapters 2 and 3, this volume). In this case, we argue that the speakers should be considered to be part of a single speech community (cf. Labov 1972b: 120–1; Patrick 2002) that, like all others, is characterized by sociolinguistic variation. © Cambridge University Press 2015.
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- Chapin, III F.S., et al.
(författare)
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Resilience-based stewardship : Strategies for navigating sustainable pathways in a changing world.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Principles of ecosystem stewardship. - New York : Springer Verlag. - 9780387730332 ; , s. 319-337
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Accelerated global changes in climate, environment, and social–ecological systems demand a transformation in human perceptions of our place in nature and patterns of resource use. The biology and culture of Homo sapiens evolved for about 95% of our species’ history in hunting-and-gathering societies before the emergence of settled agriculture. We have lived in complex societies for about 3%, and in industrial societies using fossil fuels for about 0.1% of our history. The pace of cultural evolution, including governance arrangements and resource-use patterns, appears insufficient to adjust to the rate and magnitude of technological innovations, human population increases, and environmental impacts that have occurred. Many of these changes are accelerating, causing unsustainable exploitation of ecosystems, including many boreal and tropical forests, drylands, and marine fisheries. The net effect has been serious degradation of the planet’s life-support system on which societal development ultimately depends (see Chapters 2 and 14.
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