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- Wang, Jian, 1982-
(författare)
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Low Overhead Memory Subsystem Design for a Multicore Parallel DSP Processor
- 2014
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The physical scaling following Moore’s law is saturated while the requirement on computing keeps growing. The gain from improving silicon technology is only the shrinking of the silicon area, and the speed-power scaling has almost stopped in the last two years. It calls for new parallel computing architectures and new parallel programming methods.Traditional ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) hardware has been used for acceleration of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) subsystems on SoC (System-on-Chip). Embedded systems become more complicated, and more functions, more applications, and more features must be integrated in one ASIC chip to follow up the market requirements. At the same time, the product lifetime of a SoC with ASIC has been much reduced because of the dynamic market. The life time of the design for a typical main chip in a mobile phone based on ASIC acceleration is about half a year and the NRE (Non-Recurring Engineering) cost of it can be much more than 50 million US$.The current situation calls for a new solution than that of ASIC. ASIP (Application Specific Instruction set Processor) offers comparable power consumption and silicon cost to ASICs. Its greatest advantage is the functional flexibility in a predefined application domain. ASIP based SoC enables software upgrading without changing hardware. Thus the product life time can be 5-10 times more than that of ASIC based SoC.This dissertation will present an ASIP based SoC, a new unified parallel DSP subsystem named ePUMA (embedded Parallel DSP Platform with Unique Memory Access), to target embedded signal processing in communication and multimedia applications. The unified DSP subsystem can further reduce the hardware cost, especially the memory cost, of embedded SoC processors, and most importantly, provide full programmability for a wide range of DSP applications. The ePUMA processor is based on a master-slave heterogeneous multi-core architecture. One master core performs the central control, and multiple Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) coprocessors work in parallel to offer a majority of the computing power.The focus and the main contribution of this thesis are on the memory subsystem design of ePUMA. The multi-core system uses a distributed memory architecture based on scratchpad memories and software controlled data movement. It is suitable for the data access properties of streaming applications and the kernel based multi-core computing model. The essential techniques include the conflict free access parallel memory architecture, the multi-layer interconnection network, the non-address stream data transfer, the transitioned memory buffers, and the lookup table based parallel memory addressing. The goal of the design is to minimize the hardware cost, simplify the software protocol for inter-processor communication, and increase the arithmetic computing efficiency.We have so far proved by applications that most DSP algorithms, such as filters, vector/matrix operations, transforms, and arithmetic functions, can achieve computing efficiency over 70% on the ePUMA platform. And the non-address stream network provides equivalent communication bandwidth by less than 30% implementation cost of a crossbar interconnection.
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| 2. |
- Wang, Jian-Sheng
(författare)
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Basic fibroblast growth factor for stimulation of bone formation in osteoinductive and conductive implants
- 1996
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) is one of the endogenous factors found in bone matrix. bFGF is a mitogen for many cell types, including osteoblasts and chondrocytes. It can stimulate angiogenesis and osteoblast gene expression. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exogenous bFGF can stimulate the formation of bone in bone grafts and in a bone graft substitute. All experiments were performed in rats. In a model using demineralized bone matrix implants for bone induction, a dose of 15 ng bFGF per implant increased the number of chondrocytes and the amount of bone, whereas 1900 ng greatly inhibited cartilage and bone formation. These results are consistent with previous studies with this model, showing that a lower dose of bFGF increased bone calcium content and a higher dose reduced it. Thus, exogenous bFGF can stimulate proliferation during early phases of bone induction. A new device, the bone conduction chamber, was developed for the application of bFGF to bone conductive materials. This model made it possible to demonstrate a difference between the conductive properties of bone grafts and porous hydroxyapatite. bFGF in a hyaluronate carrier increased bone ingrowth into bone graft inside the chamber and showed a biphasic dose-response curve, so that 8-200 ng per implant (0.4-10 ng/mm3) increased bone ingrowth, but higher or lower doses had no effect. The same doses had the same effects in porous hydroxyapatite. In both bone grafts and porous hydroxyapatite, the highest dose still caused an increase in ingrowth of fibrous tissue. The effect on bone ingrowth was detected first 6 weeks after bFGF administration, regardless if this started at implantation or 2 weeks later, using an implanted minipump. Hyaluronate gel was effective as a slow-release carrier for bFGF. In conclusion, bFGF stimulates bone formation in bone implants, depending on dose and method for administration.
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