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- Chen, Chunyu, et al.
(författare)
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Equilibrium of Frequency Control Ancillary Service Market Based on Attack-defense Game
- 2024
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Ingår i: Dianwang Jishu/Power System Technology. - : Power System Technology Press. - 1000-3673. ; 48:2, s. 679-687
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the improvement of electricity market rules, the power system operator permits new energy resources to gradually participate in the frequency control ancillary service market. The participation of new energy resources greatly enhance the frequency regulation performance and mutual support of different energy resources. However, some frequency regulation resources are usually equipped with insufficient cyber security protection measures due to economic considerations. Under this situation, hackers may exploit the vulnerability of susceptible cyber physical systems to disrupt the operation of frequency control ancillary service market. Therefore, we analyze frequency modulation market game equilibrium considering the attack-defense game. First, we analyze the cyber attack behaviors aiming at manipulating the bidding information of susceptible resources. Second, we analyze the attack model aiming at maximizing the profit of the complicity. Next, a frequency modulation market equilibrium model considering the master-slave Stackelberg game of both sides of attack and defense is designed. Finally, the frequency modulation market equilibrium results based on the Column-and-Constraint Generation (C&CG) algorithm are analyzed. Through case analysis of 30-unit frequency regulation markets, the average deviation of capacity revenue change from 113.89% under attack to 12.56% after defense, indicating that the defender can to a certain extent suppress the market equilibrium deviation caused by the attacker.
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| 2. |
- Li, Xu, et al.
(författare)
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Diamond-like/graphite-like carbon composite films deposited by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering
- 2020
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Ingår i: Diamond and related materials. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA. - 0925-9635 .- 1879-0062. ; 106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diamond-like carbon (DLC)/graphite-like carbon (GLC) composite films were prepared with high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) using a mixture of Ar and Ne as the sputtering gas. The effect of the Ne fraction in the sputtering gas on the surface morphology, carbon bonding structure, microstructure, mechanical properties, residual stress, and tribological performance of the deposited films were characterized using laser scanning confocal microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nano-indentation, residual stress tester, and friction and wear testing using a ball-on- plate tribometer, respectively. The films have a composite surface structure consisting of sp(2)-rich GLC microparticles embedded in an sp(3)-rich DLC matrix. Both components can be controlled to some degree by varying the Ne fraction. Specifically, as the Ne fraction is increased, both the number and size of the GLC microparticles decreases, while the sp(3) content increases. The GLC microparticles in the film can reduce the real contact area in friction testing, decreasing the friction coefficient, while the sp(3)-rich DLC phase enables the high hardness and wear resistance of the films. By adjusting the Ne fraction during the HiPIMS process, DLC/GLC composite films with low friction and high wear resistance can be generated.
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