| 1. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 2. |
- Albacete, Javier L., et al.
(författare)
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Predictions for p + Pb Collisions at sN N = √5 TeV : Comparison with Data
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Modern Physics E. - 0218-3013. ; 25:9
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predictions made in Albacete et al. [Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 22 (2013) 1330007] prior to the LHC p+Pb run at sNN = 5 TeV are compared to currently available data. Some predictions shown here have been updated by including the same experimental cuts as the data. Some additional predictions are also presented, especially for quarkonia, that were provided to the experiments before the data were made public but were too late for the original publication.
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| 3. |
- Borthakur, Dulal, et al.
(författare)
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Current status and trends in forest genomics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Forestry Research. - : Maximum Academic Press. - 2767-3812. ; 2
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forests are not only the most predominant of the Earth's terrestrial ecosystems, but are also the core supply for essential products for human use. However, global climate change and ongoing population explosion severely threatens the health of the forest ecosystem and aggravtes the deforestation and forest degradation. Forest genomics has great potential of increasing forest productivity and adaptation to the changing climate. In the last two decades, the field of forest genomics has advanced quickly owing to the advent of multiple high-throughput sequencing technologies, single cell RNA-seq, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-mediated genome editing, and spatial transcriptomes, as well as bioinformatics analysis technologies, which have led to the generation of multidimensional, multilayered, and spatiotemporal gene expression data. These technologies, together with basic technologies routinely used in plant biotechnology, enable us to tackle many important or unique issues in forest biology, and provide a panoramic view and an integrative elucidation of molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying phenotypic changes and variations. In this review, we recapitulated the advancement and current status of 12 research branches of forest genomics, and then provided future research directions and focuses for each area. Evidently, a shift from simple biotechnology-based research to advanced and integrative genomics research, and a setup for investigation and interpretation of many spatiotemporal development and differentiation issues in forest genomics have just begun to emerge.
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| 4. |
- Hou, Ya Qing, et al.
(författare)
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Research progress in CALPHAD assisted metal additive manufacturing
- 2024
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Ingår i: China Foundry. - : Springer Nature. - 1672-6421. ; 21:4, s. 295-310
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) technology has experienced rapid development in recent years. As both equipment and materials progress towards increased maturity and commercialization, material metallurgy technology based on high energy sources has become a key factor influencing the future development of MAM. The calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) is an essential method and tool for constructing multi-component phase diagrams by employing experimental phase diagrams and Gibbs free energy models of simple systems. By combining with the element mobility data and non-equilibrium phase transition model, it has been widely used in the analysis of traditional metal materials. The development of CALPHAD application technology for MAM is focused on the compositional design of printable materials, the reduction of metallurgical imperfections, and the control of microstructural attributes. This endeavor carries considerable theoretical and practical significance. This paper summarizes the important achievements of CALPHAD in additive manufacturing (AM) technology in recent years, including material design, process parameter optimization, microstructure evolution simulation, and properties prediction. Finally, the limitations of applying CALPHAD technology to MAM technology are discussed, along with prospective research directions.
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| 5. |
- Huerta, E. A., et al.
(författare)
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Enabling real-time multi-messenger astrophysics discoveries with deep learning
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature reviews physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2522-5820. ; 1:10, s. 600-608
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multi-messenger astrophysics is a fast-growing, interdisciplinary field that combines data, which vary in volume and speed of data processing, from many different instruments that probe the Universe using different cosmic messengers: electromagnetic waves, cosmic rays, gravitational waves and neutrinos. In this Expert Recommendation, we review the key challenges of real-time observations of gravitational wave sources and their electromagnetic and astroparticle counterparts, and make a number of recommendations to maximize their potential for scientific discovery. These recommendations refer to the design of scalable and computationally efficient machine learning algorithms; the cyber-infrastructure to numerically simulate astrophysical sources, and to process and interpret multi-messenger astrophysics data; the management of gravitational wave detections to trigger real-time alerts for electromagnetic and astroparticle follow-ups; a vision to harness future developments of machine learning and cyber-infrastructure resources to cope with the big-data requirements; and the need to build a community of experts to realize the goals of multi-messenger astrophysics. A group of experts suggests ways in which deep learning can be used to enhance the potential for discovery in multi-messenger astrophysics.
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| 6. |
- Suo, Tao, et al.
(författare)
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Oral traditional Chinese medication for adhesive small bowel obstruction
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. - 1469-493X. ; :5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is one of the most common emergent complications of general surgery. Intra-abdominal adhesions are the leading cause of SBO. Because surgery can induce new adhesions, non-operative management is preferred in the absence of signs of peritonitis or strangulation. Oral traditional Chinese herbal medicine has long been used as a non-operative therapy to treat adhesive SBO in China. Many controlled trials have been conducted to investigate its therapeutic value in resolving adhesive SBO. Objectives The aim of this review was to assess the efficacy and safety of oral traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for adhesive small bowel obstruction. Search methods We searched the following databases, without regard to language or publishing restrictions: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure/Chinese Academic Journals full-text Database (CNKI), and VIP (a full-text database of Chinese journals). The searches were conducted in November 2011. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing Chinese medicines administered orally, via the gastric canal, or both with a placebo or conventional therapy in participants diagnosed with adhesive SBO were considered. We also considered trials of TCM (oral administration, gastric tube perfusion, or both) plus conventional therapy compared with conventional therapy alone for patients with adhesive SBO. Studies addressing the safety and efficacy of oral traditional Chinese medicinal agents in the treatment of adhesive SBO were also considered. Data collection and analysis Two authors collected the data independently. We assessed the risk of bias according to the following methodological criteria: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting and other sources of bias. Dichotomous data are presented as risk ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI); continuous outcomes are presented as mean differences (MD) and 95% CIs. The data analyses were carried out using Review Manager 5.1. For cases in which necessary information was not reported in the paper, we contacted the primary authors for additional information. Main results Five randomised trials involving 664 participants were analysed. Five different herbal medicines were tested in these trials, including Huo-Xue-Tong-Fu decoction, Xiao-Cheng-Qi-Tang decoction, a combination of Xiao-Cheng-Qi-Tang and Si-Jun-Zi-Tang decoctions, Chang-Nian-Lian-Song-Jie-Tang decoction, and Fufang-Da-Cheng-Qi-Tang decoction. There were variations in the tested herbal compositions and methods of medicine administration. The main outcomes reported in the trials were effects on abdominal pain, abdominal distension, constipation defection, time of first defecation after treatment, and reoperation rate during the course of the disease. Secondary outcomes selected for this review were not available, including complications such as small bowel perfusion (bowel resection, system complications, and other possible complications), length of hospital stay, cost of hospitalisation, and time from admission to surgical intervention. The results of five trials showed that patients receiving TCM combined with conventional therapy seemed to have improved outcomes compared with patients receiving conventional treatment alone (OR 4.24, 95% CI 2.83 to 6.36). However, we cannot conclusively determine the efficacy of TCM in this review due to inadequate reporting, low methodological quality, and the prevalence of various biases in the reviewed studies. Furthermore, because none of the reviewed trials discussed adverse events, we could not evaluate the safety of TCM for adhesive SBO patients. All trials were conducted and published in China. Authors' conclusions Although many studies have assessed the use of TCM products for adhesive SBO, most were excluded from this review due to their methodological limitations. This systematic review did not find sufficient evidence to support the objective efficacy and safety of TCM for patients with adhesive SBO. The positive evidence should be interpreted with caution given the insufficient number of studies with large sample sizes, the absence of well-designed, high-quality trials, and the lack of safety information. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes and high-quality, randomised, and controlled trials are necessary to produce more accurate and meaningful data on the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines for adhesive SBO.
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| 7. |
- Wang, Fang, et al.
(författare)
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Emerging contaminants: A One Health perspective
- 2024
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Ingår i: Innovation. - 2666-6758. ; 5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental pollution is escalating due to rapid global development that often prioritizes human needs over planetary health. Despite global efforts to mitigate legacy pollutants, the continuous introduction of new substances remains a major threat to both people and the planet. In response, global initiatives are focusing on risk assessment and regulation of emerging contaminants, as demonstrated by the ongoing efforts to establish the UN's Intergovernmental Science-Policy Panel on Chemicals, Waste, and Pollution Prevention. This review identifies the sources and impacts of emerging contaminants on planetary health, emphasizing the importance of adopting a One Health approach. Strategies for monitoring and addressing these pollutants are discussed, underscoring the need for robust and socially equitable environmental policies at both regional and international levels. Urgent actions are needed to transition toward sustainable pollution management practices to safeguard our planet for future generations.
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| 8. |
- Wang, Liulin, et al.
(författare)
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Hybrid Rhodamine Fluorophores in the Visible/NIR Region for Biological Imaging
- 2019
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie International Edition. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 58:40, s. 14026-14043
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluorophores and probes are invaluable for the visualization of the location and dynamics of gene expression, protein expression, and molecular interactions in complex living systems. Rhodamine dyes are often used as scaffolds in biological labeling and turn-on fluorescence imaging. To date, their absorption and emission spectra have been expanded to cover the entire near-infrared region (650-950 nm), which provides a more suitable optical window for monitoring biomolecular production, trafficking, and localization in real time. This review summarizes the development of rhodamine fluorophores since their discovery and provides strategies for modulating their absorption and emission spectra to generate specific bathochromic-shifts. We also explain how larger Stokes shifts and dual-emissions can be obtained from hybrid rhodamine dyes. These hybrid fluorophores can be classified into various categories based on structural features including the alkylation of amidogens, the substitution of the O atom of xanthene, and hybridization with other fluorophores.
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| 9. |
- Yao, Yao, et al.
(författare)
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Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advanced Materials. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 35:35
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flexible and stretchable bioelectronics provides a biocompatible interface between electronics and biological systems and has received tremendous attention for in situ monitoring of various biological systems. Considerable progress in organic electronics has made organic semiconductors, as well as other organic electronic materials, ideal candidates for developing wearable, implantable, and biocompatible electronic circuits due to their potential mechanical compliance and biocompatibility. Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), as an emerging class of organic electronic building blocks, exhibit significant advantages in biological sensing due to the ionic nature at the basis of the switching behavior, low driving voltage (<1 V), and high transconductance (in millisiemens range). During the past few years, significant progress in constructing flexible/stretchable OECTs (FSOECTs) for both biochemical and bioelectrical sensors has been reported. In this regard, to summarize major research accomplishments in this emerging field, this review first discusses structure and critical features of FSOECTs, including working principles, materials, and architectural engineering. Next, a wide spectrum of relevant physiological sensing applications, where FSOECTs are the key components, are summarized. Last, major challenges and opportunities for further advancing FSOECT physiological sensors are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Ye, Wei, et al.
(författare)
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Early and late outcomes of percutarreous treatment of TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus class C and D aorto-iliac lesions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Vascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 0741-5214 .- 1097-6809. ; 53:6, s. 1728-1737
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the technical success and long-term patency of the endovascular treatment of TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) C and D aorto-iliac arterial lesions. Methods: All studies reporting original series of patients published in English between 2000 and 2010 were enrolled into meta-analysis. Separate meta-analyses were performed for groups with immediate technical success, 12-month patency, and long-term outcomes. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine if there were differences in outcomes between patients with varying types of lesions (TASC C or D lesions) or between different stenting strategies, including primary or selective stenting. Results: Sixteen articles consisting of 958 patients were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The pooled estimate for technical success was 92.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.8%-95.0%, 749 cases). Primary patency at 12 months was 88.7% (95% CI, 85.9%-91.0%, 787 cases). Subgroup analyses demonstrated a technical success rate of 93.7% (95% CI, 88.9%-96.5%) and a 12-month primary patency rate of 89.6% (95% CI, 84.8%-93.0%) for TASC C lesions. For TASC D lesions, these rates were 90.1% (95% CI, 76.6%-96.2%) and 87.3% (95% CI, 82.5%-90.9%), respectively. The technical success and 12-month primary patency rates for primary stenting were 94.2% (95% CI, 91.8%-95.9%) and 92.1% (95% CI, 89.0%-94.3%), respectively; for selective stenting, these rates were 88.0% (95% CI, 67.9%-96.2%) and 82.9% (95% CI, 72.2%-90.0%), respectively. The long-term, primary patency rates for patients receiving primary stenting were significantly better than those receiving selective stenting. Publication bias was not significant for these analyses. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that early and midterm outcomes of endovascular treatment for TASC C and D aorto-iliac lesions were acceptable, with a better patency for primary stenting than selective stenting.
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