| 1. |
- Dinca, Vlad, et al.
(författare)
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Reproductive isolation and patterns of genetic differentiation in a cryptic butterfly species complex
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 26:10, s. 2095-2106
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular studies of natural populations are often designed to detect and categorize hidden layers of cryptic diversity, and an emerging pattern suggests that cryptic species are more common and more widely distributed than previously thought. However, these studies are often decoupled from ecological and behavioural studies of species divergence. Thus, the mechanisms by which the cryptic diversity is distributed and maintained across large spatial scales are often unknown. In 1988, it was discovered that the common Eurasian Wood White butterfly consisted of two species (Leptidea sinapis and Leptidea reali), and the pair became an emerging model for the study of speciation and chromosomal evolution. In 2011, the existence of a third cryptic species (Leptidea juvernica) was proposed. This unexpected discovery raises questions about the mechanisms preventing gene flow and about the potential existence of additional species hidden in the complex. Here, we compare patterns of genetic divergence across western Eurasia in an extensive data set of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences with behavioural data on inter- and intraspecific reproductive isolation in courtship experiments. We show that three species exist in accordance with both the phylogenetic and biological species concepts and that additional hidden diversity is unlikely to occur in Europe. The Leptidea species are now the best studied cryptic complex of butterflies in Europe and a promising model system for understanding the formation of cryptic species and the roles of local processes, colonization patterns and heterospecific interactions for ecological and evolutionary divergence.
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| 2. |
- Friberg, Magne, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic differentiation and phylogeographic patterns in European populations of Leptidea sinapis and L. reali
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Annan publikation (refereegranskat)abstract
- The direction of a coevolutionary interaction can differ between local populations as in the butterflies Leptidea sinapis and L. reali. The morphologically virtually identical sister-species have partitioned their niches differently in different parts of their distribution by shifting habitat specialist and generalist roles between different sympatric areas. Hence, a species that is a generalist in some areas can be a local specialist in others, and vice versa. We have sequenced the mitochondrial COI gene from specimens collected across Europe in order to (i) describe the between-species variation over a large area, (ii) identify possible glacial refugia and re-colonisation routes to obtain a phylogeographic hypothesis for explaining the geographic mosaic of niche separation and (iii) apply a population genetic approach to determine the level of intraspecific genetic differentiation. The results show evidence for species distinctiveness throughout Europe. Only small variation was found in L. reali, whereas the haplotype network of L. sinapis showed a deep division into two haplotype families of which one was restricted to Spain and the other was widespread over the continent (including Spain). The widespread haplotype family was divided into two common variants, one eastern and one western, each being surrounded by rare haplotypes. The both deep and shallow genetic differentiation implies that L. sinapis might have been divided into different refugia during several glaciations. Both species showed significant genetic differentiation in pairwise ФST, and as habitat generalist populations could differ significantly from other habitat generalist populations but not from habitat specialist populations, we conclude that this study supports that the geographic mosaic of niche separation is caused by local processes rather than common ancestry of local habitat generalists or specialists within each species
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| 3. |
- Wiklund, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Local monophagy and between-site diversity in host use in the European swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon
- 2018
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Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 123:1, s. 179-190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The majority of herbivorous insects are specialized in host use. Even among insects that use many hosts, local specialization is common with a single host plant often being used in any given locality. Here, we establish such a pattern for the European swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon. We sampled larvae on five different natural hosts at eight sites in Sweden, each locality showing local monophagy. We ask what is the underlying reason for this pattern, (1) local genetic adaptation with each population being genetically adapted to the local host, (2) Hopkins' host selection principle with adult females retaining a memory of the larval host and preferring to oviposit on that plant, or (3) the preference/performance hypothesis which posits that females should oviposit on the local plant(s) on which larval fitness is highest. Allozyme analysis supported a relatively low level of population structuring, and oviposition preference tests showed that females from all sites had similar preference rankings of the five host plants. Hence, there was no support for local genetic adaptation or Hopkins' host selection principle. Instead, the results are consistent with the preference/performance hypothesis with local monophagy probably being implemented by a preference ranking of plants in accordance with larval performance.
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