| 1. |
- Schael, S, et al.
(författare)
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Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance
- 2006
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Ingår i: Physics Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 427:5-6, s. 257-454
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on the final electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the Z resonance by the experiments operating at the electron-positron colliders SLC and LEP. The data consist of 17 million Z decays accumulated by the ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL experiments at LEP, and 600 thousand Z decays by the SLID experiment using a polarised beam at SLC. The measurements include cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries and polarised asymmetries. The mass and width of the Z boson, m(Z) and Gamma(Z), and its couplings to fermions, for example the p parameter and the effective electroweak mixing angle for leptons, are precisely measured: m(Z) = 91.1875 +/- 0.0021 GeV, Gamma(Z) = 2.4952 +/- 0.0023 GeV, rho(l) = 1.0050 +/- 0.0010, sin(2)theta(eff)(lept) = 0.23153 +/- 0.00016. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be 2.9840 +/- 0.0082, in agreement with the three observed generations of fundamental fermions. The results are compared to the predictions of the Standard Model (SM). At the Z-pole, electroweak radiative corrections beyond the running of the QED and QCD coupling constants are observed with a significance of five standard deviations, and in agreement with the Standard Model. Of the many Z-pole measurements, the forward-backward asymmetry in b-quark production shows the largest difference with respect to its SM expectation, at the level of 2.8 standard deviations. Through radiative corrections evaluated in the framework of the Standard Model, the Z-pole data are also used to predict the mass of the top quark, m(t) = 173(+10)(+13) GeV, and the mass of the W boson, m(W) = 80.363 +/- 0.032 GeV. These indirect constraints are compared to the direct measurements, providing a stringent test of the SM. Using in addition the direct measurements of m(t) and m(W), the mass of the as yet unobserved SM Higgs boson is predicted with a relative uncertainty of about 50% and found to be less than 285 GeV at 95% confidence level. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- An, Rong, et al.
(författare)
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Atomic force microscopy probing interactions and microstructures of ionic liquids at solid surfaces
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nanoscale. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2040-3364 .- 2040-3372. ; 14:31, s. 11098-11128
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ionic liquids (ILs) are room temperature molten salts that possess preeminent physicochemical properties and have shown great potential in many applications. However, the use of ILs in surface-dependent processes, e.g. energy storage, is hindered by the lack of a systematic understanding of the IL interfacial microstructure. ILs on the solid surface display rich ordering, arising from coulombic, van der Waals, solvophobic interactions, etc., all giving near-surface ILs distinct microstructures. Therefore, it is highly important to clarify the interactions of ILs with solid surfaces at the nanoscale to understand the microstructure and mechanism, providing quantitative structure–property relationships. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) opens a surface-sensitive way to probe the interaction force of ILs with solid surfaces in the layers from sub-nanometers to micrometers. Herein, this review showcases the recent progress of AFM in probing interactions and microstructures of ILs at solid interfaces, and the influence of IL characteristics, surface properties and external stimuli is thereafter discussed. Finally, a summary and perspectives are established, in which, the necessities of the quantification of IL–solid interactions at the molecular level, the development of in situ techniques closely coupled with AFM for probing IL–solid interfaces, and the combination of experiments and simulations are argued.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Lu, Xiaohua, et al.
(författare)
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Thermodynamic mechanism of complex fluids-solids interfacial interaction
- 2019
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Ingår i: Huagong Xuebao/CIESC Journal. - : Materials China. - 0438-1157. ; 70:10, s. 3677-3689
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interfacial transfer at mesoscale is a common issue for all the multi-phase chemical processes, and the related study remains as a scientific challenge due to the complexities. Investigating the interfacial interactions at mesoscale to find out the regulation strategies is the key to realize process-intensification of mass-transfer and reaction for the advanced chemical industries. To accurately describe the behavior of fluids at the interface, a new molecular thermodynamic model that can describe the complex fluid-solid interface interaction. When the molecular thermodynamic modeling method is extended to the nano-micro interfacial transfer needs to be developed, calling for the coordination of advanced experiments at nano-micro scale and molecular with molocular thermodynamic modelling. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), which possess the sensitivity down to nanoscale, can directly obtain the interfacial interaction at nano-micro scale. The quantification of AFM-measured forces can be used to construct the coarse-grained molecular model and describe complex interfacial interaction. Then, the coarse-grained molecular model can reveal the molecular thermodynamic mechanism of nano- and micro- interface transfer, realizing quantitative prediction.
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| 5. |
- Wu, Nanhua, et al.
(författare)
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Mesoscience in Supported Nano-metal Catalysts based on Molecular Thermodynamic Modeling : A Mini Review and Perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Science. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2509 .- 1873-4405. ; 229
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Supported nano-metal catalysts are widely used in industrial processes. There is a trade-off between the activity and stability from mesoscale, which can be effectively tackled with the principle of compromise in competition (mechanisms A and B). To apply mesoscience methodology in this specific area, this work summarized research progress, where direct H2O2 synthesis was chosen as a typical case to identify and represent mechanism A (activity) and mechanism B (stability). It was found that mechanism A has been widely studied, while mechanism B still cannot reflect explosion. Subsequently, reaction heat and fusion enthalpy were proposed to represent mechanism B in this work, and the molecular thermodynamic model was identified as an effective tool for the study. A corresponding framework for mechanism B was constructed and the progress in developing the model for this particular purpose was provided. Finally, perspectives were discussed based on the linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
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