| 1. |
- Xie, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Physiological responses to salinity change and diel-cycling hypoxia in gills of Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Aquaculture. - : Elsevier BV. - 0044-8486. ; 570
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global climate change is a frequent cause of salinity fluctuation in seawater, especially in aquaculture sites. Moreover, anthropologic activities often cause seawater eutrophication with the consequence that hypoxia ap-pears often during nighttime. The Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis, as a species that inhabits estuarine and coastal waters, is faced with such challenges. In this study, oyster physiological changes were considered to be closely related to hypoxia and salinity changes. Physiological indices were examined in Hong Kong oysters by employing six treatments to shed light into the effects of diel-cycling hypoxia (periodical hypoxia) and salinity change. Three salinities (10%o, low salinity; 25%o, normal salinity; and 35%o, high salinity) and two types of dissolved oxygen (normoxia, 6 mg/L throughout the day) and periodical hypoxic condition (6 mg/L at daytime for 12 h and 2 mg/L at nighttime for 12 h) were set. After 14-and 28-day exposures, gill tissues were sampled to detect changes in gill ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production (ROS), and gill respiratory metabolic enzymes. Results indicated that periodical hypoxia and salinity change led to increased hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) (p < 0.05). By contrast, they had no significant effect on mitochondrial number (MN). Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) production only increased in the early exposure. In addition, low salinity with periodical hypoxia resulted in decreased MMP, lactate dehy-drogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH, p < 0.05). On the contrary, periodical hypoxia with high salinity led to increases in ATP and ROS and decreases in SDH, MMP, and LDH (p < 0.05). These results revealed that when diel-cycling hypoxia occurs with salinity change, the gill metabolism of Hong Kong oysters are gradually dominated by glycolysis while aerobic respiration decreases. Moreover, gill functions could be affected although energy accumulation exists during early exposure. Therefore, long-term exposure to periodical hypoxia with salinity change poses risk to the health and growth of Hong Kong oysters, impairing oyster aquaculture and coastal ecosystem health.
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| 2. |
- Davies, Stuart J., et al.
(författare)
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ForestGEO: Understanding forest diversity and dynamics through a global observatory network
- 2021
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Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207. ; 253
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ForestGEO is a network of scientists and long-term forest dynamics plots (FDPs) spanning the Earth's major forest types. ForestGEO's mission is to advance understanding of the diversity and dynamics of forests and to strengthen global capacity for forest science research. ForestGEO is unique among forest plot networks in its large-scale plot dimensions, censusing of all stems ≥1 cm in diameter, inclusion of tropical, temperate and boreal forests, and investigation of additional biotic (e.g., arthropods) and abiotic (e.g., soils) drivers, which together provide a holistic view of forest functioning. The 71 FDPs in 27 countries include approximately 7.33 million living trees and about 12,000 species, representing 20% of the world's known tree diversity. With >1300 published papers, ForestGEO researchers have made significant contributions in two fundamental areas: species coexistence and diversity, and ecosystem functioning. Specifically, defining the major biotic and abiotic controls on the distribution and coexistence of species and functional types and on variation in species' demography has led to improved understanding of how the multiple dimensions of forest diversity are structured across space and time and how this diversity relates to the processes controlling the role of forests in the Earth system. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps remain that impede our ability to predict how forest diversity and function will respond to climate change and other stressors. Meeting these global research challenges requires major advances in standardizing taxonomy of tropical species, resolving the main drivers of forest dynamics, and integrating plot-based ground and remote sensing observations to scale up estimates of forest diversity and function, coupled with improved predictive models. However, they cannot be met without greater financial commitment to sustain the long-term research of ForestGEO and other forest plot networks, greatly expanded scientific capacity across the world's forested nations, and increased collaboration and integration among research networks and disciplines addressing forest science.
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| 3. |
- Jiang, Mingkai, et al.
(författare)
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The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 580:7802, s. 227-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth1–5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration6. Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2 fertilization effect on biomass growth3–5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands7–10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO2 unclear4,5,7–11. Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO2 treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests.
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| 4. |
- Lou, H., et al.
(författare)
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The cellulose synthase-like F3 (CslF3) gene mediates cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and affects root growth and differentiation in barley
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Plant Journal. - : Wiley. - 0960-7412 .- 1365-313X. ; 110:6, s. 1681-1699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The barley cellulose synthase-like F (CslF) genes encode putative cell wall polysaccharide synthases. They are related to the cellulose synthase (CesA) genes involved in cellulose biosynthesis, and the CslD genes that influence root hair development. Although CslD genes are implicated in callose, mannan and cellulose biosynthesis, and are found in both monocots and eudicots, CslF genes are specific to the Poaceae. Recently the barley CslF3 (HvCslF3) gene was shown to be involved in the synthesis of a novel (1,4)-β-linked glucoxylan, but it remains unclear whether this gene contributes to plant growth and development. Here, expression profiling using qRT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization revealed that HvCslF3 accumulates in the root elongation zone. Silencing HvCslF3 by RNAi was accompanied by slower root growth, linked with a shorter elongation zone and a significant reduction in root system size. Polymer profiling of the RNAi lines revealed a significant reduction in (1,4)-β-linked glucoxylan levels. Remarkably, the heterologous expression of HvCslF3 in wild-type (Col-0) and root hair-deficient Arabidopsis mutants (csld3 and csld5) complemented the csld5 mutant phenotype, in addition to altering epidermal cell fate. Our results reveal a key role for HvCslF3 during barley root development and suggest that members of the CslD and CslF gene families have similar functions during root growth regulation.
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| 5. |
- Oppi, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Macrophage NCOR1 protects from atherosclerosis by repressing a pro-atherogenic PPAR gamma signature
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 41:9, s. 995-1005
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims Nuclear receptors and their cofactors regulate key pathophysiological processes in atherosclerosis development. The transcriptional activity of these nuclear receptors is controlled by the nuclear receptor corepressors (NCOR), scaffolding proteins that form the basis of large corepressor complexes. Studies with primary macrophages demonstrated that the deletion of Ncor1 increases the expression of atherosclerotic molecules. However, the role of nuclear receptor corepressors in atherogenesis is unknown. Methods and results We generated myeloid cell-specific Ncor1 knockout mice and crossbred them with low-density lipoprotein receptor and results (Ldlr) knockouts to study the role of macrophage NCOR1 in atherosclerosis. We demonstrate that myeloid cellspecific deletion of nuclear receptor corepressor 1 (NCOR1) aggravates atherosclerosis development in mice. Macrophage Ncorl-deficiency leads to increased foam cell formation, enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and atherosclerotic lesions characterized by larger necrotic cores and thinner fibrous caps. The immunometabolic effects of NCOR1 are mediated via suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) target genes in mouse and human macrophages, which lead to an enhanced expression of the CD36 scavenger receptor and subsequent increase in oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake in the absence of NCOR1. Interestingly, in human atherosclerotic plaques, the expression of NCOR1 is reduced whereas the PPAR gamma signature is increased, and this signature is more pronounced in ruptured compared with non-ruptured carotid plaques. Conclusions Our findings show that macrophage NCOR1 blocks the pro-atherogenic functions of PPAR gamma in atherosclerosis and suggest that stabilizing the NCOR1-PPAR gamma binding could be a promising strategy to block the pro-atherogenic functions of plaque macrophages and lesion progression in atherosclerotic patients.
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| 6. |
- Schoch, Conrad L., et al.
(författare)
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Finding needles in haystacks: linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Database: The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1758-0463. ; 2014:bau061, s. 1-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- DNA phylogenetic comparisons have shown that morphology-based species recognition often underestimates fungal diversity. Therefore, the need for accurate DNA sequence data, tied to both correct taxonomic names and clearly annotated specimen data, has never been greater. Furthermore, the growing number of molecular ecology and microbiome projects using high-throughput sequencing require fast and effective methods for en masse species assignments. In this article, we focus on selecting and re-annotating a set of marker reference sequences that represent each currently accepted order of Fungi. The particular focus is on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region in the nuclear ribosomal cistron, derived from type specimens and/or ex-type cultures. Re-annotated and verified sequences were deposited in a curated public database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), namely the RefSeq Targeted Loci (RTL) database, and will be visible during routine sequence similarity searches with NR_prefixed accession numbers. A set of standards and protocols is proposed to improve the data quality of new sequences, and we suggest how type and other reference sequences can be used to improve identification of Fungi.
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